自然界和人类社会中存在着大量的中间状态，人类的语言也是如此。大多数人在出生后首先习得和掌握的是他的母语（mother tongue），在以后的人生中，会有机会学习第二语言（secongd language）或目的语（target language）。所谓中介语是指第二语言学习者建构起来的介于母语和目的语之间的过渡性语言，它处于不断的发展变化过程中，并逐渐向目的语靠近。

中介语（interlanguage）初探

An Introduction to Functional Grammar(《功能语法导论》,简称《导论》)是Halliday的代表作。胡壮麟教授称此书为集中体现Halliday语言学思想的"集大成者"。这一点反映在三个方面:一是他在伦敦学派的基础上发展来的、关于系统和功能语言观的大量前期论述(包括来自学派内部诸多追随者的研究),二是

An Introduction to Functional Grammar的“集大成”地位

An Introduction To Critical Discourse Analysis In Education Are you looking for ebook an introduction to critical discourse analysis in education? You will be glad to know that right now an introduction to critical discourse analysis in education is available on our online library. With our online resources, you can find an introduction to critical discourse analysis in education easily without hassle, since there are more than millions titles available in our ebook databases.

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An introduction to critical discourse analysis in education

Why is it that despite all the research showing that jurors have difficulties understanding their instructions, judges all too often still charge the jury in abstract and dense legalese? It would seem that courts are a rather poor mechanism for reform in this area. Lawyers are barely aware of the issue and seldom raise it until it is too late. Judges, in turn, are very reluctant to deviate from the text of the instructions for fear of reversal, and invoke a variety of rules and presumptions to uphold jury verdicts even when there is real evidence of confusion. These problems are illustrated by the Free and Gacy cases in Illinois, and the recent United States Supreme Court decisions in Buchanan and Weeks. A more likely prospect for reform is the various committees that draft the standardized jury instructions in many jurisdictions. This article concludes by exploring the progress being made by a taskforce on criminal jury instructions in California, which has had to address issues such as how to deal with entrenched technical terms, the problem of whether and how to paraphrase statutory language, the correct level of formality of the instructions, the correct "template" for listing the elements of crimes, and how to avoid slanting instructions in favor of one side or another. It concludes that such committees can make substantial progress, though the path to reform is neither easy nor quick.

The Rocky Road to Legal Reform: Improving the Language of Jury Instructions

https://ojs.letras.up.pt/ojs/index.php/LLLD/article/download/6680/6205

Deceptive Ambiguity by Police and Prosecutors

Language, the Law, and Forensic Linguistics

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Language, the Law, and Forensic Linguistics