/pdf/efsa-biohaz-panel-efsa-panel-on-biological-hazards-2014-1p1r5mxzna.pdf

EFSA BIOHAZ Panel (EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards), 2014. Scientific Opinion on the risk posed by pathogens in food of non-animal origin. Part 2 (Salmonella and Norovirus in leafy greens eaten raw as salads)

The microbiological safety of cabbage, carrots, celery, and onions/scallions as well as deli (mayonnaise-based) salads that contain these items is the subject of this review. Between 2000 and 2007, the number of outbreaks in the United States associated with these raw produce items ranged from 6 (celery) to 18 (carrots). For cases with confirmed etiologies involving these 4 types of produce as well as coleslaw, chicken, seafood, and other vegetable-based salads, more than 50% of the outbreaks were attributed to viral agents. In contrast, Salmonella spp. served as the major etiological agent in outbreaks associated with potato salad. Surveys conducted on these produce items within the United States and other developed countries found either an absence or infrequent contamination with foodborne pathogens. Despite this low prevalence, experimental studies have demonstrated the potential for preharvest contamination, and this event is more likely to occur when exposure is close to harvest. Postharvest contamination of these produce items has been documented in several cases with water, equipment, and incoming product serving as the principal cross-contamination agent. Survival of contaminated product during subsequent storage is dependent on the storage temperature, produce type, and presence of mayonnaise. Chemical interventions may be relied on to reduce cross-contamination during produce washing operations but are limited in their ability to inactivate pathogens on the produce surface. In contrast, irradiation at dosages (1.0 kGy) approved for use in the United States is an effective treatment for killing pathogenic bacteria in fresh-cut cabbage, carrots, and celery.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1541-4337.2010.00129.x

Microbial Risks Associated with Cabbage, Carrots, Celery, Onions, and Deli Salads Made with These Produce Items.

Fate of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in the presence of indigenous microorganisms on commercially packaged baby spinach, as impacted by storage temperature and time.

Inactivation of bacteria on fresh produce by batch wash ozone sanitation

Failure to secure safe and affordable food to the growing global population leads far too often to disastrous consequences. Among specialists and other individuals, food scientists have a key responsibility to improve and use science-based tools to address risk and advise food handlers and manufacturers with best-practice recommendations. With collaboration from production agriculture, food processors, state and federal agencies, and consumers, it is critical to implement science-based strategies that address food safety and that have been evaluated for effectiveness in controlling and/or eliminating hazards. It is an open question whether future food safety concerns will shift in priority given the imperatives to supply sufficient food. This report brings together leading food safety experts to address these issues with a focus on three areas: economic, social, and policy aspects of food safety; production and postharvest technology for safe food; and innovative public communication for food safety and nutrition.

https://nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/nyas.12779

Food safety considerations for innovative nutrition solutions

SUMMARY A panel of scientists with expertise in microbial safety of fresh produce was convened to review recent research and re-evaluate guidelines for foodservice and restaurant operators, regulatory agencies with oversight over food facilities, and consumers for handling prewashed bagged salads. The guidelines developed by the panel, together with materials reviewed by the panel to develop the guidelines, are presented. The background materials reviewed include published research and recent recommendations made by other authoritative sources. The panel concluded that leafy green salad in sealed bags labeled "washed" or "ready-to-eat" that are produced in a facility inspected by a regulatory authority and operated under cGMPs, does not need additional washing at the time of use unless specifically directed on the label. The panel also advised that additional washing of ready-to-eat green salads is not likely to enhance safety. The risk of cross contamination from food handlers and food contact surfaces used during washing may outweigh any safety benefit that further washing may confer.

http://www.perishablepundit.com/docs/fresh-cut-greens-handling.pdf

Recommendations for Handling Fresh-cut Leafy Green Salads by Consumers and Retail Foodservice Operators

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Recommendations for Handling Fresh-cut Leafy Green Salads by Consumers and Retail Foodservice Operators