Mesotrione is an emerging environmental contaminant with potential hazards to agricultural environment and nontarget organisms. Microbes are major drivers of mesotrione biodegradation. However, understanding of the degradation characteristics, mechanisms and potential applications of the reported bacteria that can be utilized to eliminate mesotrione is very limited. Here, a novel mesotrione-degrading Klebsiella pasteurii CM-1 with excellent environmental adaptability was isolated, which could completely degrade 100 mg/L mesotrione within 20 h under the optimal condition. Metabolic pathway analysis showed that CM-1 degraded mesotrione to 2-(2-hydroxyamino-4-(methylsulfonyl)benzoyl)cyclohexane-1,3-dione, 1,3-dihydro-3-hydroxy-6-(methylsulfonyl)benzo[c]isoxazol-3-yl)cyclohexane-1,3-dione and 2-amino-4-methylsulfonylbenzoic acid. The predicted toxicities of these metabolites were lower than that of mesotrione. Combining genomic analysis and RT-qPCR, nitroreductase-encoding genes nfsA and nfsB were identified as key players driving mesotrione biodegradation. Molecular docking results suggested that residues His215 and Arg218 of NfsA and Lys14, Thr41 and Phe124 of NfsB might be the key sites for their binding to mesotrione. Purified enzyme in vitro assays indicated that NfsA and NfsB could degrade mesotrione under various conditions, and converted it to the same products as CM-1. Some metal cations could significantly enhance the activity of NfsA and NfsB. The Km values of NfsA and NfsB for mesotrione were 0.453 and 1.075 mmol/L. Furthermore, CM-1 could rapidly remove 97.21/96.50% of mesotrione (50 mg/kg) in nonsterilized/sterilized soil within 4 d. This study provided an efficient bioresource with remediation potential for mesotrione residual pollution and new insights into the mechanism of bacterial-mediated mesotrione degradation. 

Biodegradation properties and mechanism of triketone herbicide mesotrione via newly isolated bacterium Klebsiella pasteurii CM-1

The physicochemical properties and structural characterization of exopolysaccharide produced by Limosilactobacillus fermentum W03 and its application for composite films preparation

In recent decades, the areas cultivated with cereal grains and oilseeds have expanded worldwide, aided by agrochemical products (especially herbicides) and new technologies that improve crop yield and quality. The need to satisfy a growing demand for food while responding to public concerns about food safety and the contamination of ecosystems could be at least partly addressed through bioremediation strategies. These are aimed at reducing herbicide levels in the environment, and consequently in food, by using native or introduced microorganisms that degrade or detoxify organic substances into harmless compounds. Despite extensive research on the topic, many aspects of microbial remediation systems remain to be fully elucidated. This chapter focuses on the current situation regarding the application of the most important herbicides, the risks they pose, and their bioremediation through microorganisms. 

Microbe-assisted remediation: a sustainable solution to herbicide contamination

This investigation studies the properties and composition of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of the four tolerant bacterial strains [NH (Cellulosimicrobium cellulans), TH, YH, and HE (Pseudomonas aeruginosa)] under perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS) stress. The strains were acquired from athickened sludge in a fluorine chemical park. Each strain’s EPS were isolated by heating and centrifugation, and their growth, metabolic activity, and EPS alteration research pre- and post-stress were assessed and compared. The strain type was identified by morphological observation and 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis. Under PFBS (100 μg·L−1) stress, the four tolerant strains NH, TH, YH, and HE showed 38.10%, 29.26%, 35.92%, and 30.48% removal of PFBS on day 4, respectively, and the strain’s EPS had a substantial impact on main component protein (PR) and polysaccharide (PS) contents. The NH microorganism’s ability to metabolize organic matter was markedly stronger; it had a higher quantity, and its impact on main EPS content was greater than the other three tolerant strains. The three-dimensional excitation–emission matrix results showed marked alterations in tryptophan and aromatic protein peaks in the tolerant strain’s EPS. Furthermore, the FTIR analysis showed that the intensity of the functional groups in the proteins (-OH, C=O, -NH, and -CN) and the polysaccharides (-OH, C-O-C, and C-O) changed significantly. This investigation indicated that the proteins and polysaccharides of the tolerant strain’s EPS could provide more binding sites for PFBS adsorption, where the NH strain had the best biosorption capacity. This research provides a theoretical basis for elucidating efficient biosorbents. 

Composition and Morphological Characteristics of Extracellular Polymeric Substances of Different Tolerant Bacteria Under Perfluorobutanesulfonic Acid (PFBS) Stress

Facilitation of dichloromethane biodegradation by different voltages in microbial electrolysis cell

Nicosulfuron on the Atrazine-degrading Arthrobacter sp. DNS10 by assays of intracellular accumulation of substrates, Zeta potential, EPS, and stress responses

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Nicosulfuron on the Atrazine-degrading Arthrobacter sp. DNS10 by assays of intracellular accumulation of substrates, Zeta potential, EPS, and stress responses