The exploration of renewable, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly electrode materials with high adsorption, fast ion/electron transport, and tunable surface chemistry is urgently needed for the development of next-generation biocompatible energy-storage devices. In recent years, biomass-derived carbon electrode materials for energy storage have attracted significant attention because of their widespread availability, renewable nature, and low cost. More importantly, their inherent uniform and precise biological structures can be utilized as templates for fabricating electrode materials with controlled and well-defined geometries. Meanwhile, the basic elements of biomass are carbon, sulfur, nitrogen, and phosphorus. The special naturally ordered hierarchical structures as well as abundant surface properties of biomass-derived carbon materials are compatible with electrochemical reaction processes such as ion transfer and diffusion. To date, a series of novel porous carbon materials with different dimensions have been prepared by various methods using biomass as the raw material, which is an important field in the fabrication of supercapacitor electrode materials. Herein, we summarized recently reported biomass-derived carbon materials with one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and three-dimensional structures and their applications as carbon-based electrode materials for supercapacitors. Finally, the current challenges and future perspectives of the carbon-based electrode materials with respect to the supercapacitor's performance were closely highlighted.

Biomass-derived porous carbon materials with different dimensions for supercapacitor electrodes: a review

Recent progress of biomass-derived carbon materials for supercapacitors

Houttuynia-derived nitrogen-doped hierarchically porous carbon for high-performance supercapacitor

As we all know, environmental protection and sustainable energy utilization are significant challenges for us. Due to their many excellent characteristics, carbon materials have been playing a very important role in energy and environmental applications. Biomass is the only renewable carbon source and crucial precursor of carbonaceous materials and has the advantages of a unique structure, a wide range of sources, biodegradability, and low cost. Developing high-performance carbonaceous materials from biomass is a significant research subject. Biomass-derived porous graphitic carbon materials (BPGCs) have received extensive attention as novel high-performance sustainable carbon materials owing to its well-developed porous structure, good graphitic structure, and heteroatom doping. Here, this review firstly focuses on the principal synthesis methodologies of BPGCs. Next, three electrochemical energy storage and conversion systems that utilize BPGCs are intensively investigated, including supercapacitors (SCs), lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and fuel cells (FCs). Then, BPGCs are further reviewed in terms of their application in the field of environmental protection, which is also the first systematic summary of BPGCs in environmental applications. Finally, this review points out the direction that is worthy of further research in the future and the essential issues that have not yet been resolved.

Biomass-derived porous graphitic carbon materials for energy and environmental applications

In the context of climate change and the circular economy, biochar has recently found many applications in various sectors as a versatile and recycled material. Here, we review application of biochar-based for carbon sink, covering agronomy, animal farming, anaerobic digestion, composting, environmental remediation, construction, and energy storage. The ultimate storage reservoirs for biochar are soils, civil infrastructure, and landfills. Biochar-based fertilisers, which combine traditional fertilisers with biochar as a nutrient carrier, are promising in agronomy. The use of biochar as a feed additive for animals shows benefits in terms of animal growth, gut microbiota, reduced enteric methane production, egg yield, and endo-toxicant mitigation. Biochar enhances anaerobic digestion operations, primarily for biogas generation and upgrading, performance and sustainability, and the mitigation of inhibitory impurities. In composts, biochar controls the release of greenhouse gases and enhances microbial activity. Co-composted biochar improves soil properties and enhances crop productivity. Pristine and engineered biochar can also be employed for water and soil remediation to remove pollutants. In construction, biochar can be added to cement or asphalt, thus conferring structural and functional advantages. Incorporating biochar in biocomposites improves insulation, electromagnetic radiation protection and moisture control. Finally, synthesising biochar-based materials for energy storage applications requires additional functionalisation. 

/pdf/biochar-for-agronomy-animal-farming-anaerobic-digestion-1txu31a9.pdf

Biochar for agronomy, animal farming, anaerobic digestion, composting, water treatment, soil remediation, construction, energy storage, and carbon sequestration: a review

A three-dimensional hierarchical porous carbon is synthesized via a facile chemical activation route with garlic skin as the precursor and KOH as the activating agent. The as-obtained carbon presents a high specific surface area of 2818 m2 g−1 and a hierarchical porous architecture containing macroporous frameworks, mesopores (2–4 nm), and micropores (0.6–1.0 nm). As the electrode material for a supercapacitor, due to its unique interconnected porous structure, this garlic skin-derived carbon exhibits excellent electrochemical performance and cycling stability. At a current density of 0.5 A g−1, the capacitance is up to 427 F g−1 (162 F cm−3). Even at a high current density of 50 A g−1, the capacitance can be maintained to a high value of 315 F g−1 (120 F cm−3). After charging–discharging at a current density of 4.5 A g−1 for 5000 cycles, the capacitance retention is as high as 94%. The results suggest that this garlic skin-derived 3D hierarchical porous carbon is a promising electrode material for high-performance supercapacitors.

Synthesis of garlic skin-derived 3D hierarchical porous carbon for high-performance supercapacitors

Chewing gum residue is hard to decompose and easy to cause pollution, which is highly desirable to realize the recycling. In this paper, a chewing gum gel with enhanced mechanical properties and self-healing properties is prepared by using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as the backbone in chewing gum residue. The hydrogen bond and the borax ester bond are employed to construct reversible interaction to enhance the self-healing ability. The physical crosslinking is realized by further freeze-thaw treatment to improve its mechanical properties. The gel demonstrates high elongation at break of 610% and strength of 0.11 MPa, as well as excellent self-healing performance and recyclable property. In particular, the gel with a fast signal response is successfully applied as a wearable strain sensor to monitor different types of human motion. The gel as a sensor exhibits self-healing properties suggesting superior safety and stability, and displays wide linear sensitivity (the gauge factor is 0.417 and 0.170). The gel can be further served to explore temperature changes, implying the application in temperature monitoring. This study develops a novel approach for the recycle and reuse of chewing gum residue. The obtained gel may be a promising candidate for the fabrication of flexible wearable sensor. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

A Chewing Gum Residue-Based Gel with Superior Mechanical Properties and Self-Healability for Flexible Wearable Sensor.

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Synthesis of garlic skin-derived 3D hierarchical porous carbon for high-performance supercapacitors

A Chewing Gum Residue-Based Gel with Superior Mechanical Properties and Self-Healability for Flexible Wearable Sensor.