All ecosystems are exposed to gradual changes in climate, nutrient loading, habitat fragmentation or biotic exploitation. Nature is usually assumed to respond to gradual change in a smooth way. However, studies on lakes, coral reefs, oceans, forests and arid lands have shown that smooth change can be interrupted by sudden drastic switches to a contrasting state. Although diverse events can trigger such shifts, recent studies show that a loss of resilience usually paves the way for a switch to an alternative state. This suggests that strategies for sustainable management of such ecosystems should focus on maintaining resilience.

/pdf/catastrophic-shifts-in-ecosystems-2yv2mwzdwb.pdf

Catastrophic shifts in ecosystems.

Emerging recognition of two fundamental errors under-pinning past polices for natural resource issues heralds awareness of the need for a worldwide fundamental change in thinking and in practice of environmental management. The first error has been an implicit assumption that ecosystem responses to human use are linear, predictable and controllable. The second has been an assumption that human and natural systems can be treated independently. However, evidence that has been accumulating in diverse regions all over the world suggests that natural and social systems behave in nonlinear ways, exhibit marked thresholds in their dynamics, and that social-ecological systems act as strongly coupled, complex and evolving integrated systems. This article is a summary of a report prepared on behalf of the Environmental Advisory Council to the Swedish Government, as input to the process of the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) in Johannesburg, South Africa in 26 August 4 September 2002. We use the concept of resilience—the capacity to buffer change, learn and develop—as a framework for understanding how to sustain and enhance adaptive capacity in a complex world of rapid transformations. Two useful tools for resilience-building in social-ecological systems are structured scenarios and active adaptive management. These tools require and facilitate a social context with flexible and open institutions and multi-level governance systems that allow for learning and increase adaptive capacity without foreclosing future development options.

https://bioone.org/journals/AMBIO-A-Journal-of-the-Human-Environment/volume-31/issue-5/0044-7447-31.5.437/Resilience-and-Sustainable-Development--Building-Adaptive-Capacity-in-a/10.1579/0044-7447-31.5.437.pdf

Resilience and sustainable development: building adaptive capacity in a world of transformations

In marine ecosystems, rising atmospheric CO2 and climate change are associated with concurrent shifts in temperature, circulation, stratification, nutrient input, oxygen content, and ocean acidification, with potentially wideranging biological effects. Population-level shifts are occurring because of physiological intolerance to new environments, altered dispersal patterns, and changes in species interactions. Together with local climate-driven invasion and extinction, these processes result in altered community structure and diversity, including possible emergence of novel ecosystems. Impacts are particularly striking for the poles and the tropics, because of the sensitivity of polar ecosystems to sea-ice retreat and poleward species migrations as well as the sensitivity of coral-algal symbiosis to minor increases in temperature. Midlatitude upwelling systems, like the California Current, exhibit strong linkages between climate and species distributions, phenology, and demography. Aggregated effects may modify energy and material flows as well as biogeochemical cycles, eventually impacting the overall ecosystem functioning and services upon which people and societies depend.

/pdf/climate-change-impacts-on-marine-ecosystems-mu6opf56n1.pdf

Climate Change Impacts on Marine Ecosystems

Mass mortalities due to disease outbreaks have recently affected major taxa in the oceans. For closely monitored groups like corals and marine mammals, reports of the frequency of epidemics and the number of new diseases have increased recently. A dramatic global increase in the severity of coral bleaching in 1997—98 is coincident with high El Nino temperatures. Such climate-mediated, physiological stresses may compromise host resistance and increase frequency of opportunistic diseases. Where documented, new diseases typically have emerged through host or range shifts of known pathogens. Both climate and human activities may have also accelerated global transport of species, bringing together pathogens and previously unexposed host populations. T he oceans harbor enormous biodiver- sity by terrestrial terms (1), much of which is still poorly described taxo- nomically. Even less well known are the dy- namics of intermittent, ephemeral, threshold phenomena such as disease outbreaks. De- spite decades of intense study of the biolog- ical agents structuring natural communities, the ecological and evolutionary impact of diseases in the ocean remains unknown, even when these diseases affect economically and ecologically important species. The paucity of baseline and epidemiological information on normal disease levels in the ocean chal- lenges our ability to assess the novelty of a recent spate of disease outbreaks and to de- termine the relative importance of increased pathogen transmission versus decreased host resistance in facilitating the outbreaks. Our objectives here are to review the prevalence of diseases of marine taxa to evaluate wheth- er it can be concluded that there has been a recent increase. We also assess the contribut- ing roles of human activity and global cli- mate, and evaluate the role of the oceans as incubators and conveyors of human disease agents. Is There an Increase in Diseases in the Ocean?

/pdf/emerging-marine-diseases-climate-links-and-anthropogenic-24nqep16se.pdf

Emerging Marine Diseases--Climate Links and Anthropogenic Factors

New studies are documenting trophic cascades in theoretically unlikely systems such as tropical forests and the open ocean. Together with increasing evidence of cascades, there is a deepening understanding of the conditions that promote and inhibit the transmission of predatory effects. These conditions include the relative productivity of ecosystems, presence of refuges and the potential for compensation. However, trophic cascades are also altered by humans. Analyses of the extirpation of large animals reveal loss of cascades, and the potential of conservation to restore not only predator populations but also the ecosystem-level effects that ramify from their presence.

Trophic cascades revealed in diverse ecosystems.

長崎県にあるマダイ養殖場の網生簀から採集したヨコエビ類3種(クビナガワレカラ, ネオカリフォルニアワレカラ, ムシャカマキリヨコエビ近似種)を, 本寄生虫に感染していないマダイに与えた。その結果, 投与後1～5日にマダイの腸にクビナガコウトウチュウの寄生が認められた。網生簀内ではマダイはヨコエビ類を摂食してクビナガコウトウチュウの寄生を受けると考えられた。また, 投与後3日までに, すべてのクビナガコウトウチュウがマダイの直腸に見られ, 寄生部位の特異性が示された。

/pdf/possible-life-cycle-of-longicollum-pagrosomi-an-2f4whg30cn.pdf

Possible Life Cycle of Longicollum pagrosomi, an Acanthocephalan Parasite of Cultured Red Sea Bream

Two new species of Hatschekia Poche, 1902 (Siphonostomatoida: Hatschekiidae) are described based on specimenscollected during the KUMEJIMA 2009 Expedition carried out at Kumejima Island, Ryukyu Islands, an area getting strongKuroshio current influence in the East China Sea, Japan. Female Hatscekia triannuli n. sp. and female and male H. sumireyakko n. sp. were removed from Centropyge heraldi Woods & Schultz and C. venusta (Yasuda & Tominaga),respectively. The two new species shares a unique dorsal frame on the cephalothorax that is absent on other congeners. These two species can be differentiated from each other by the shape and proportion of the cephalothorax, trunk, and leg 2.

Two new species of the copepod Hatschekia Poche, 1902 (Siphonostomatoida: Hatschekiidae) from angelfishes (Pisces: Perciformes: Pomacanthidae) collected during the KUMEJIMA 2009 Expedition

Caligus Macarovi (Copepoda, Caligidae) from Pacific Bluefin Tuna, Thunnus Orientalis, Cultured in Japan

粘液胞子虫Myxobolus arcticusは, 淡水中でサケ科魚類に感染し, 延髄など神経組織で胞子を形成して宿主のほぼ一生を通じて寄生する. 北太平洋およびベーリング海で漁獲されたサケ属5魚種におけるM. arcticus胞子の寄生率を比較した. 北西太平洋における寄生率は, マスノスケ (57.5%), ベニザケ (30.4%) とギンザケ (18.8%) で比較的高かったが, サケでは低く (6.7%), カラフトマスには寄生がみられなかった. これらの結果は, 各魚種の降海するまでの淡水生活様式の違いに原因し, 淡水生活期間の短いサケやカラフトマスでは感染の機会が少ないため寄生率が低いと推定された. マスノスケにおける本虫の寄生率は, 海域により明らかな差がみられ, 北太平洋の東経170°より西側の海域で高く, 北太平洋東部およびベーリング海では著しく低かった. この結果は, マスノスケにおけるM. arcticusの寄生が地理的に限定されていることを示唆し, 本虫は海洋に分布するマスノスケの大陸起源を判別する標識生物として使える可能性が高い.

/pdf/prevalence-of-myxobolus-arcticus-myxozoa-myxosporea-in-five-wh0ct2cxfr.pdf

Prevalence of Myxobolus arcticus (Myxozoa: Myxosporea) in Five Species of Pacific Salmon in the North Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea

フィリピン産シイラの胃内容物から得られたNorileca indica(甲殻類, 等脚目, ウオノエ科)

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

Kazuya Nagasawa

Author Tools

Chat about Author