/pdf/effects-of-gas-leak-on-triggering-function-humidification-vr09xyd79b.pdf

Effects of gas leak on triggering function, humidification, and inspiratory oxygen fraction during noninvasive positive airway pressure ventilation

Ravens and other corvids are renowned for their 'intelligence'. For long, this reputation has been based primarily on anecdotes but in the last decades experimental evidence for impressive cognitive skills has accumulated within and across species. While we begin to understand the building blocks of corvid cognition, the question remains why these birds have evolved such skills. Focusing on Northern Ravens Corvus corax, I here try to tackle this question by relating current hypotheses on brain evolution to recent empirical data on challenges faced in the birds' daily life. Results show that foraging ravens meet several assumptions for applying social intelligence: (1) they meet repeatedly at foraging sites, albeit individuals have different site preferences and vary in grouping dynamics; (1) foraging groups are structured by dominance rank hierarchies and social bonds; (3) individual ravens memorize former group members and their relationship valence over years, deduce third-party relationships and use their social knowledge in daily life by supporting others in conflicts and intervening in others' affiliations. Hence, ravens' socio-cognitive skills may be strongly shaped by the 'complex' social environment experienced as non-breeders.Raben und ihre Verwandtschaft gelten gemeinhin als „kluge“ Vögel. Lange beruhte ihr Ruf weitgehend auf Anekdoten, erst in den letzten Jahrzehnten wurden ihre beeindruckenden kognitiven Fähigkeiten auch in Verhaltensexperimenten nachgewiesen. Während wir immer besser die kognitiven Bausteine von „Raben-Intelligenz“ verstehen, bleibt die Frage offen, warum diese Vögel derartig leistungsstarke Gehirne entwickelt haben. In diesem Artikel gehe ich dieser Frage an Kolkraben Corvus corax nach, indem ich gängige Hypothesen zur Evolution von Intelligenz mit rezenten empirischen Daten über Anforderungen im täglichen Leben von Raben in Beziehung setze. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Gruppen nahrungssuchender Raben sämtlichen Annahmen der Sozialen Intelligenz Hypothese entsprechen: Individuen treffen einander widerholt an Nahrungsplätzen, wobei sie unterschiedliche Präferenzen für bestimmte Plätze zeigen und somit in der Gruppendynamik variieren; die Gruppen zeichnen sich durch Dominanzstrukturen und soziale Beziehungen aus; einzelne Raben erinnern sich an die Wertigkeit ihrer Beziehungen über Jahre, erkennen Beziehungen anderer und nützen ihr soziales Wissen im täglichen Leben, indem sie in Konflikte anderer eingreifen und sich in die Beziehungen anderer einmischen. Die sozio-kognitiven Fähigkeiten von Raben könnten daher stark durch die „komplexe“ soziale Umwelt geformt werden, die sie als Nichtbrüter erleben. 

Why are ravens smart? Exploring the social intelligence hypothesis

This study investigates the impact of Meta-discourse on task achievement of IELTS general reading module. The inquirer analyzed and interpreted the collected data to find out if meta-discourse markers have positively affected the participants, Iraqi EFL learners, to improve their reading comprehension ability. The researcher recruited and finally selected 160 undergraduate students (80 experimental groups and 80 control groups) majoring in English from 7 classes in Baghdad University with different language proficiency levels, i.e., elementary, lower-intermediate, intermediate, and upper-intermediate. Employing One-way and Two-way ANOVA analyses, the inquirer found out that the use of Meta-discourse markers in experimental groups left a positive impact on the students of different language proficiency levels in their approach to IELTS general reading comprehension tasks. In a parallel analysis, the researcher administered SORS questionnaire to investigate the reading strategies and found that all the students in different proficiency levels performed in SORS significantly better in the treatment group as compared to the performance of the EFL learners in control groups.

pdf/investigating-the-impact-of-meta-discourse-on-task-snr9ivmj.pdf

Investigating the Impact of Meta-discourse on Task Achievement of IELTS General Reading Modules

This paper proposes a 5G base station location algorithm based on Voronoi diagram. To resolve the problem on how to convert 5G deployment into a certain area division problem, each 5G base station is regarded as a certain point in the Voronoi diagram, and the principle of Voronoi diagram is used to divide the area. A new Voronoi diagram-point set Voronoi diagram is proposed, its generation algorithm is given, and it is applied to pattern classification. Point set Voronoi diagram is formed by expanding the generator of Voronoi diagram from point to point set. The area division algorithm designed based on the point set Voronoi diagram is a non-linear area classifier of two-dimensional feature space, which can be directly applied to area division.

Study on Location Selection of 5G Base Station based on Voronoi Diagram

This article examines the causes and consequences of traffic jams, describes typical traffic flow behavior and analyzes traffic control methods and means. The paper demonstrates the proposed classification of traffic lights by type of regulation. In summary, the article represents a detailed overview of existing cyber-physical traffic control systems, such as SEA TCS, InSync and MASSTR. The article analyzes the existing methods of traffic regulation, examines the causes and consequences of congestion, the division of intersections into regulated and unregulated, and the classification of traffic lights by type of traffic control. Among the main parameters of traffic flow used by cyberphysical traffic control systems, the primary and most used are speed, density, and volume of vehicles. The article also reviews the existing cyber-physical traffic control systems and the primary technologies. 

Features of the Application of Traffic Flow Management Methods and Tools

Intratracheal aspiration in a patient on ventilation is generally performed using a catheter. Of late, closed suction systems have been used more frequently than open systems. To remove tracheal secretions through the intratracheal tube, catheter suction is used, and the suction catheter may be of the closed- or open-type. The catheters are cleaned by flushing with sterile 0.9% saline, resulting in dropping of dew. This phenomenon is caused by some factors: influence of flow, clogging of the suction tube, problem of manipulation of flushing and angle between the intubation tube and the connection port. But this dropping has not yet been investigated. In this study, we focused at this angle and we used the test lung which is simulated machine on behalf of patient. We consider two situations adult and child, also two types of catheters Eco-Cath and Ty-care. In child case we consider elbow-type suction catheters and Y-connector type. The angle was set at 0°, 20°, 40°, 60°, and 90°, and we observed the difference between Eco-Cath and Ty-care. In adults difference is significant (p 0.001), In 90° between Tracheal intubation and Tracheotomy (p ≈ 0.26). In child difference is significant (p 0.001), In 90° between Tracheal intubation and Tracheotomy (p ≈ 0.15). In child case we observed dependency of angle on various conditions too. The relation of the angle and dew was clarified.

/pdf/angle-effect-to-dropping-of-dew-in-closed-suction-catheters-3r8vw25vf7.pdf

Angle Effect to Dropping of Dew in Closed Suction Catheters

Introduction: During the application of non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) therapy in home mechanical ventilation (HMV), leaks in the NPPV mask may occur owing to the position of the mask due to conditions such as skin disorders. Methods: To investigate whether such a leak affects FiO2 supplied to the alveoli, we simulated a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder during NPPV in HMV. In addition, FiO2 was measured in the portion assumed to be the mouth and lungs while setting the flow of the oxygen concentrator and leak amount based on a previous study. Results: FiO2 supplied to the lungs increased statistically significantly upon increasing the amount of leak (P < 0.001). Moreover, values measured for the mouth were similar. However, our results were different from those of a previous study. Conclusions: We observed that FiO2 supplied to alveoli can be reduced by a leak in the NPPV mask. Because our results differ from those previously reported, we believe that further studies should reassess the selection of respirators and oxygen concentrators.

/pdf/influence-of-leakage-from-non-invasive-positive-pressure-2rp4tzea06.pdf

Influence of Leakage from Non-Invasive Positive Pressure Ventilation Mask on FiO 2 Value Delivered by Home Oxygen Therapy Concentrator: A Bench Study on Simulating Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Transitive inference (TI) refers to social cognition that facilitates the discernment of unknown relationships between individuals using known relationships. It is extensively reported that TI evolves in animals living in a large group because TI could assess relative rank without deducing all dyadic relationships, which averts costly fights. The relationships in a large group become so complex that social cognition may not be developed adequately to handle such complexity. If members apply TI to all possible members in the group, TI requires extremely highly developed cognitive abilities especially in a large group. Instead of developing cognitive abilities significantly, animals may apply simplified TI we call reference TI in this study as heuristic approaches. The reference TI allows members to recognize and remember social interactions only among a set of reference members rather than all potential members. Our study assumes that information processes in the reference TI comprises (1) the number of reference members based on which individuals infer transitively, (2) the number of reference members shared by the same strategists, and (3) memory capacity. We examined how information processes evolve in a large group using evolutionary simulations in the hawk-dove game. Information processes with almost any numbers of reference members could evolve in a large group as long as the numbers of shared reference member are high because information from the others' experiences is shared. TI dominates immediate inference, which assesses relative rank on direct interactions, because TI could establish social hierarchy more rapidly applying information from others' experiences. 

/pdf/heuristics-facilitates-the-evolution-of-transitive-inference-1r8ts7wd.pdf

Heuristics Facilitates the Evolution of Transitive Inference and Social Hierarchy in a Large Group

Kazuto Doi1,2, Mayumi Doi3 , Yukoh Yaegashi4 and Mitsuhiro Nishitani*5 1Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Japan 2Department of Medical Engineering, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of East Asia, Japan 3Department of Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Japan 4Department of Medical Engineering, Faculty of Health Sciences, Junshin Gakuen University, Japan 5Daimon Clinic for Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Dialysis, Japan Received: July 06, 2018; Published: July 16, 2018

https://biomedres.us/pdfs/BJSTR.MS.ID.001415.pdf

Outline and Issues of Internet Addiction

Due to the recent influence of the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), opportunities to improve knowledge of new medical technologies are lacking. To provide safe medical technology, we examined the medical device operation support system using smart glasses, which is a wearable device. This system enables actual operation while watching operation videos of various devices when necessary and can also provide remote technical support. By comparing the performance of multiple smart glasses, we arrived at an appropriate system that can be used in clinical practice. 

A consideration of the design of a medical device operation support system using smart glasses

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