Magnetoresponsive Therapy Nohyun Lee, Dongwon Yoo, Daishun Ling,†,‡,⊥ Mi Hyeon Cho, Taeghwan Hyeon,*,†,‡ and Jinwoo Cheon* †Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 151-742, Korea ‡School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea School of Advanced Materials Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul 136-702, Korea Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China

Iron Oxide Based Nanoparticles for Multimodal Imaging and Magnetoresponsive Therapy.

The increasing number of scientific publications focusing on magnetic materials indicates growing interest in the broader scientific community. Substantial progress was made in the synthesis of magnetic materials of desired size, morphology, chemical composition, and surface chemistry. Physical and chemical stability of magnetic materials is acquired by the coating. Moreover, surface layers of polymers, silica, biomolecules, etc. can be designed to obtain affinity to target molecules. The combination of the ability to respond to the external magnetic field and the rich possibilities of coatings makes magnetic materials universal tool for magnetic separations of small molecules, biomolecules and cells. In the biomedical field, magnetic particles and magnetic composites are utilized as the drug carriers, as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and in magnetic hyperthermia. However, the multifunctional magnetic particles enabling the diagnosis and therapy at the same time are emerging. The presented review article summarizes the findings regarding the design and synthesis of magnetic materials focused on biomedical applications. We highlight the utilization of magnetic materials in separation/preconcentration of various molecules and cells, and their use in diagnosis and therapy.

Magnetic Nanoparticles: From Design and Synthesis to Real World Applications

Hyperthermia, the mild elevation of temperature to 40-43°C, can induce cancer cell death and enhance the effects of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. However, achievement of its full potential as a clinically relevant treatment modality has been restricted by its inability to effectively and preferentially heat malignant cells. The limited spatial resolution may be circumvented by the intravenous administration of cancer-targeting magnetic nanoparticles that accumulate in the tumor, followed by the application of an alternating magnetic field to raise the temperature of the nanoparticles located in the tumor tissue. This targeted approach enables preferential heating of malignant cancer cells whilst sparing the surrounding normal tissue, potentially improving the effectiveness and safety of hyperthermia. Despite promising results in preclinical studies, there are numerous challenges that must be addressed before this technique can progress to the clinic. This review discusses these challenges and highlights the current understanding of targeted magnetic hyperthermia.

/pdf/biologically-targeted-magnetic-hyperthermia-potential-and-1h5re6imq0.pdf

Biologically Targeted Magnetic Hyperthermia: Potential and Limitations.

Precise nanomedicine has been extensively explored for efficient cancer imaging and targeted cancer therapy, as evidenced by a few breakthroughs in their preclinical and clinical explorations. Here, we demonstrate the recent advances of intelligent cancer nanomedicine, and discuss the comprehensive understanding of their structure-function relationship for smart and efficient cancer nanomedicine including various imaging and therapeutic applications, as well as nanotoxicity. In particular, a few emerging strategies that have advanced cancer nanomedicine are also highlighted as the emerging focus such as tumor imprisonment, supramolecular chemotherapy, and DNA nanorobot. The challenge and outlook of some scientific and engineering issues are also discussed in future development. We wish to highlight these new progress of precise nanomedicine with the ultimate goal to inspire more successful explorations of intelligent nanoparticles for future clinical translations.

Precise nanomedicine for intelligent therapy of cancer

Skin cancer and new treatment perspectives: a review.

( f ) #1120 (e) #0940 (d) #0760 Fig.3 CG animation of pianist's musical performance (180 frame intervals). Motor area that controls the movements of the human body is divided functionally into each control region. In the motor area, the area of the hand is almost the same as the total area of arm, torso and lower body. This physiological fact indicates that human hand movements require very complicated control. As a result, our hand can perform high precision movements as an actuator. Motion capture (MoCap) technique that can digitize a position and a posture as a time-series data, is widely used in order to create animation and CG. It is very difficult to measure all hand movements because one hand has twenty-seven bones and nineteen joints. The most widely used tool for a hand MoCap has been Cyber glove (Immersion Co.) that can digitize only 80 percent of all hand movements. Therefore, it has been impossible to record the finger movements of a pianist that are high in speed and in accuracy. In this study, we developed the high accuracy 'Hand MoCap system' by using the electromagnetic tracker (LIBERTYTM 16 system, Polhemus) that used small and light receivers. The cables of the receivers were replaced with special thin cables so as not to block the movement of the fingers.

/pdf/development-of-a-motion-capture-system-for-a-hand-using-a-1mrv3jxlsi.pdf

Development of a motion capture system for a hand using a magnetic three dimensional position sensor

Heat shock protein (Hsp) 90 is a key regulator of various oncogene products and cell-signaling molecules, while Hsp70 protects against heat-induced apoptosis. We previously described a system in which hyperthermia was produced using thermosensitive ferromagnetic particles (FMPs) with a Curie temperature (T
 c) of 43 °C to mediate automatic temperature control, and demonstrated its antitumor effect in a mouse melanoma model. In the present study, the antitumor effects of combining Hsp90 inhibitor (17DMAG) and Hsp70 inhibitor (quercetin) with FMP-mediated hyperthermia were examined. Expressions of Hsp90/70 and Akt were evaluated using Western blotting in vitro. In an in vivo study, melanoma cells were subcutaneously injected into the backs of C57BL/6 mice. FMPs were then injected into the resultant tumors, and the mice were divided into groups treated with quercetin and/or 17DMAG with/without hyperthermia. When exposed to a magnetic field, the temperature of tissues containing FMPs increased and stabilized at the T
 c. The TUNEL method was used to determine whether hyperthermia induced apoptosis within tumors. In the group pretreated with hyperthermia + quercetin + 17DMAG, Akt expression was reduced in vitro, the incidence of apoptosis within tumors was greater, and tumor growth was significantly suppressed 20 days after FMP injection in vivo, compared with other treatment groups. The survival rates among tumor-bearing mice observed for a period of 40 days were significantly higher in the hyperthermia + quercetin + 17DMAG group. Combining Hsp90/70 inhibition with hyperthermia appears to increase their antitumor effects. Thus, the combination of FMP-mediated, self-regulating hyperthermia with Hsp90/70 inhibition has important implications for cancer treatment.

Inhibition of Hsp90 and 70 sensitizes melanoma cells to hyperthermia using ferromagnetic particles with a low Curie temperature

We proposed a quantitative method to calculate water content of thin materials by terahertz (THz) imaging. First, we constructed a THz imaging system using a tunnel injection transit time (TUNNETT) THz wave generator with automatic scanning control. As a suitable imaging spatial resolution is necessary to accurately estimate water content and distribution in samples, we have improved the spatial resolution. Images of plant leaves under different conditions were taken using the THz imaging system. We have introduced an algorithm with the attenuation law of Lambert–Beer to calculate water contents from THz images. To verify the accuracy of this method, we also obtained images of a piece of cotton cloth with different contents of water. Comparison of the calculated values with the measured values obtained using an electronic balance showed that our method has a good possibility for measuring the water content of relatively thin materials by a noncontact and noninvasive method using THz images.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1143/JJAP.47.8065/pdf

Application of Terahertz Imaging to Water Content Measurement

Provided is a temperature measuring method using a temperature probe which arranges a temperature sensitive magnetic body having an arbitrary Curie point at a portion to be measured and generates a magnetic field from a magnetic field generation source arranged at a position apart from the portion to be measured, so that a magnetic sensor detects a change of a magnetic flux vector of the magnetic field which depends on the temperature of the temperature sensitive magnetic body, thereby measuring the temperature of the portion to be measured. Thus, it is possible to measure a temperature of a portion to be measured from a position apart from that portion in the wireless mode. The size of the temperature probe can be minimized. It is also possible to provide a temperature control method using the temperature measuring method and a system used for the method.

Temperature measuring method and temperature control method using temperature sensitive magnetic body

Self-controlled heating mediators for magnetic hyperthermia are widely studied. In previous studies, we succeeded in developing a microsize thermosensitive ferromagnetic implant with low Curie temperature (FILCT). The FILCT was then coated with gold (Au-FILCT) to improve its heating efficiency for treating the human body. However, part of the magnetic field was shielded due to the conductive gold coating, thereby decreasing the possibility of our orientable pickup coil system for contactless temperature sensing based on the linearity between magnetic induction and implant temperature around the Curie point. As an alternative approach to the gold coating of FILCT, this paper examined a mixture of FILCT and a high heating-efficient magnetic nanofluid (Resovist) subjected to a magnetic field ( $f = 500$ kHz, $H = 4.95$ kA/m). As a result, the change in magnetic induction detected caused by the mixture is enhanced compared to that of Au-FILCT (1.9 times) and FILCT (1.3 times). Furthermore, the temperature rising rate of the mixture is 4.3 times faster than that of FILCT. The results obtained also suggest that for hyperthermia implant, the preferred volume fraction of magnetic nanoparticles is approximately 0.5%. We hypothesized that the magnetic nanoparticles (median core diameter $d_{0}= 3.6$ nm) in Resovist fill the gaps between the magnetic microparticles ( $d_{0}= 83.6\,\,\mu \text{m}$ ) in FILCT, thereby reducing the demagnetizing field of microparticles and causing its permeability to be improved.

Thermosensitive Ferromagnetic Implant for Hyperthermia Using a Mixture of Magnetic Micro-/Nanoparticles

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