Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a global public health concern associated with high morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. Other than dialysis, no therapeutic interventions reliably improve survival, limit injury, or speed recovery. Despite recognized shortcomings of in vivo animal models, the underlying pathophysiology of AKI and its consequence, chronic kidney disease (CKD), is rich with biological targets. We review recent findings relating to the renal vasculature and cellular stress responses, primarily the intersection of the unfolded protein response, mitochondrial dysfunction, autophagy, and the innate immune response. Maladaptive repair mechanisms that persist following the acute phase promote inflammation and fibrosis in the chronic phase. Here macrophages, growth-arrested tubular epithelial cells, the endothelium, and surrounding pericytes are key players in the progression to chronic disease. Better understanding of these complex interacting pathophysiological mechanisms, their relative impo...

https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev-med-050214-013407

Acute Kidney Injury.

Dose-response and time-response biochemical and histological study of potassium dichromate-induced nephrotoxicity in the rat

Inhibition of A and B N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase urinary isoenzymes by urea.

Objective—To establish reference ranges for indices of urine N-acetyl-B-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) and G-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) activities in clinically normal adult dogs. Animals—38 dogs. Procedures—Each dog underwent a physical examination, CBC, serum biochemical analysis, urinalysis, and serologic testing for heartworm antigen and antibodies against Ehrlichia canis and Borrelia burgdorferi. Activities of NAG and GGT in urine were evaluated, and values of the respective indices were determined as urine NAG or GGT activity (U/L) divided by urine creatinine concentration (g/L). Results—All dogs were considered clinically normal. A 90% prediction interval based on the 5th and 95th percentiles for GGT and NAG index values from both sexes was used to establish the reference ranges for dogs: 1.93 to 28.57 U/g and 0.02 to 3.63 U/g, respectively. Between males and females, urine NAG index differed significantly, whereas urine GGT index did not. When accounting for sex differences, reference ranges for the u...

Indices of urine N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activities in clinically normal adult dogs.

Urinary markers for renal dysfunction are gaining interest, but effects of sampling method, storage conditions, and urinary tract inflammation or infection on these markers are unclear. Therefore, the objectives of the current study were to determine the difference in urinary albumin (uALB), urinary retinol- binding protein (uRBP), and urinary N-acetyl-b-D-glucosaminidase (uNAG) concentrations in cystocentesis and voided samples and to investigate concentration changes after storag ea t220uC and at 280uC. Effects of a protease inhibitor were also assessed in samples stored at 280uC for 12 months. In a pilot experiment, influence of in vitro hematuria, pyuria, and bacteriuria on the urinary markers was evaluated. A mixed model was used to calculate mean differences and 95% confidence intervals. Urinary ALB, uNAG, and uRBP concentrations were similar in voided and cystocentesis samples. After storage for 4 months at 220uC, uALB concentration was not affected, and uRBP concentration showed a mild and clinically irrelevant decrease, whereas uNAG activity was significantly lower compared with fresh samples. After storage for 12 months at 280uC, uALB and uRBP concentrations did not differ from fresh samples, but uNAG activity was severely decreased. Protease inhibitor addition did not preserve uNAG activity. Experimental hematuria, pyuria, and bacteriuria did not seem to affect urinary markers, although further research is needed.

https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/1231390/file/1231638.pdf

Effect of sampling method and storage conditions on albumin, retinol-binding protein, and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase concentrations in canine urine samples

Stability of enzymes in urine at 37°C

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Stability of enzymes in urine at 37°C