One teaching style gaining popularity is the flipped classroom model of instruction. In this model, what generally occurs during class time, such as lectures and demonstrations, occurs at home, and assignments typically completed out of class occur during class. Currently, there is a dearth of research about the effectiveness of this instructional model. Therefore, to contribute to this line of research on the flipped classroom model of instruction, this study investigated preservice teachers’ perspectives of the flipped classroom model and examined the impact of the model on student achievement. While we found no significant differences between the flipped model and the traditional model in terms of academic achievement, we found different factors that may influence the effectiveness of this teaching model.

The Flipped Classroom Model of Learning in Higher Education: An Investigation of Preservice Teachers’ Perspectives and Achievement

Background/Context Teacher collaboration, instructional practices, and efficacy are linked in various ways in the literature. For example, in schools where teachers reported greater use of differentiated instruction, team collaboration and culture were reportedly higher (Smit & Humpert, 2012). Further, teachers’ instructional mastery experiences lead to higher efficacy (Tschannen-Moran & McMaster, 2009). Tomlinson (1995) suggests that getting teachers to continue using differentiated instruction requires those teachers to experience quick success (i.e., mastery experiences that lead to increased efficacy). Bruce, Esmonde, Ross, Dookie, and Beatty (2010) found that teachers with high efficacy were more likely to try challenging instructional approaches that required taking risks in their classrooms and to use assessments. Based on our literature review, we hypothesized that teachers’ reports of their collaborative practices would be related to their teaching efficacy when mediated by their reported differentiated instruction use. Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine connections between teachers’ perceptions of their collaboration, their reported use of differentiated instruction (a particular instructional practice), and teacher efficacy in high-poverty rural schools in a Midwestern state. Participants Survey, demographic, and assessment data were collected for 95 elementary schools, 1,623 elementary teachers, and 4,167 students in rural high-poverty areas located in the northern regions of a Midwestern state. Research Design Data from the first year of a large-scale, longitudinal randomized control trial designed to evaluate the effects of a leadership training program were used for this study. Data Collection and Analysis Survey data containing collaboration, differentiated instruction, and teacher efficacy scales were collected from teachers during regularly scheduled faculty meetings. Demographic and achievement data were collected from a state accountability data system. We employed multilevel structural equation modeling (MSEM) to analyze our data, allowing us to take into account the nested structure of the data (i.e., teachers’ responses nested within schools). Results After controlling for school- and student-level characteristics, we found positive, statistically significant connections between teacher collaboration and teachers’ reports that they differentiated instruction (β =.43, p<.001) and between differentiated instruction and teacher efficacy (β =.38, p<.001). Conclusions The results are potentially significant for researchers and practitioners interested in approaches to improving teacher practices and strengthening efficacy beliefs. Our outcomes demonstrate the importance of teachers’ collaborative work around school improvement, curriculum and instruction, and professional development. Further, our work extends what is known about sources of teacher efficacy. Theoretically, via mastery experiences gained through collaboration and reports of using differentiated instruction in their classrooms, teachers’ efficacy beliefs were strengthened. In sum, district and school leaders, as well as policy makers, should recognize the kinds of supports that teachers need to improve instruction.

Examining Connections Between Teacher Perceptions of Collaboration, Differentiated Instruction, and Teacher Efficacy

This study aimed to identify the differentiated instruction practices used by Jordanian teachers and the challenges they faced when teaching students with learning disabilities in Amman. The sample of the study consisted of 194 teachers. It followed a mixed method design and consisted of two parts. First, a quantitative analysis of a questionnaire of 75 items was developed on six domains (differentiation in content, process, resources, product, assessment, and differentiation in learning environment). Second, a qualitative analysis of interviews with teachers was conducted. Validity and reliability were established. Results of the study showed that the mean of the scores for the six domains and the entire items are low. ANOVA analysis showed that there were no statistically significant differences related to the variable of teacher’s experience. On the other hand, there were statistically significant differences, as to the type of school, in favor of private schools. The main challenges, as the study found out, were weak administrative support, low parental support, lack of time, and shortages in learning resources.

https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1121601.pdf

Teacher's Differentiated Instruction Practices and Implementation Challenges for Learning Disabilities in Jordan.

/pdf/perceptions-about-implementation-of-differentiated-1g67uuv4ef.pdf

Perceptions about Implementation of Differentiated Instruction.

The use of a pedagogical practice known as ‘differentiation’ has become more common over time as educators have sought to respond to increases in the diversity of students enrolling in their local school. However, there are now so many misperceptions and definitional inconsistencies that it is difficult to know what is being enacted in the name of differentiation or indeed what is being researched internationally. The aim of this scoping review was to identify key characteristics of and conceptualisations within peer-reviewed empirical research on differentiation published between1999 and 2019, as well as to map the ways in which this body of research was produced. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used to inform a systematic screening process and resulted in a final sample of 34 articles focusing on differentiation in regular schools. Half were conducted in the United States and most in the elementary school phase. Survey and case study designs were dominant, as was research of and influences on teacher practice. Only a small group of studies focused on differentiation’s impact on student outcomes and these typically only examined specific elements of differentiation or its use in specific academic domains. The diversity of focus and methodological approaches across the 34 studies prevents comparison of findings and weakens the evidential basis to make claims of either differentiation’s effectiveness or indeed its ineffectiveness. The review concludes with recommendations for future research and practice in this important area of practice.

A scoping review of 20 years of research on differentiation: investigating conceptualisation, characteristics, and methods used

This article provides a description of how a beginning special education teacher in an inclusion classroom used pre-assessment, self-assessment, and on-going assessment to implement the principles of differentiated instruction to become more responsive to her students’ needs in a systematic way. This article describes a case study of one beginning teacher’s use of differentiated instruction. First, a discussion of the usefulness of differentiated instruction in increasing the likelihood of success for children with disabilities is provided. Next, qualitative data supported the implementation of the differentiated instruction process to help the teacher realize how she could positively impact students’ learning using Tomlinson’s (2000) categories of content, product, process, and learning environments. Finally, recommendations are provided for how to engage teachers to implement differentiated instruction as a data-based iterative process of using evidence-based practices to meet the needs of all children in an inclusion classroom.

/pdf/increasing-the-teaching-efficacy-of-a-beginning-special-1cx808ih3x.pdf

Increasing the Teaching Efficacy of a Beginning Special Education Teacher Using Differentiated Instruction: A Case Study.

Effects and Social Validity of Differentiated Instruction on Student Outcomes for Special Educators.

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Increasing the Teaching Efficacy of a Beginning Special Education Teacher Using Differentiated Instruction: A Case Study.

Effects and Social Validity of Differentiated Instruction on Student Outcomes for Special Educators.