The usage of an Auxiliary Resonant Commutated Pole (ARCP) circuit with an 11-level Cascaded H-Bridge (CHB) converter as an option for feeding high-power Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) track-pads in traction applications is proposed in this research. By utilizing a mathematical model to obtain the switching pulses of the ARCP circuit, a reduction in the conduction losses of the involved inductance can be achieved. Moreover, an optimization routine is developed to reduce the MOSFETs' root mean square current by finding each module's phase shift angles. The study uses the SAE J2954 standard to restrict the Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) in the frequency band between $400\ kHz$ and $30\ MHz$. The success of the suggested technique is displayed by simulation results showing that it is possible to operate the CHB with Zero Voltage Switching in all modules of the power converter. Inductive Power Transfer applications applied in railways can benefit from this contribution due to the use of multilevel converters.

Optimizing Wireless Power Transfer Efficiency in Cascaded H-Bridge Converter Through an Auxiliary Resonant Circuit Pole

Inductive power transfer (IPT) technology has gradually matured in electric vehicle (EV) charging. However, most of the existing designs have not considered the system inductance variation caused by factory manufacturing tolerance and ambient environment change, which can weaken the power transfer capability of the IPT systems significantly. In this paper, the effects of the inductance variation on the power transfer capability of IPT systems were investigated. A 10% coil tolerance can lead to a power reduction of up to 61.3%. To fill this gap, this paper proposed a frequency modulated maximum power point tracking (MPPT) method to adjust the inverter frequency to achieve its maximum power point. The simulation results under different circumstances were analyzed. The experimental results show the feasibility of this method to improve the power transfer capability.

A Frequency Modulated Maximum Power Point Tracking Method for Wireless Charging Systems

In this paper, a proposed shielding design for the Inductive power transfer (IPT) system for railway applications to reduce the electromagnetic field leakage between the transmitter and the receiver coils is presented. For high power applications, a strong magnetic field generates through a large air gap, resulting in human body health and safety problems. To satisfy standard requirements, the reference level set by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), a shielding design is proposed to limit EMF emission. To demonstrate the effect of the coil structure with a conductive material and different geometry of the shielding design, the distribution of the magnetic field density is simulated by using Ansys Maxwell. Results show that the proposed design considerably reduces the leakage magnetic field density around the IPT system and complies with the ICNIRP standard at a certain distance. Based on the analysis and results, the IPT system has been shielded with an aluminum plate horizontally with the appropriate size on the receiver side. A 5-kW IPT system is developed in this paper, with a novel W-I coupler design according to the constraints on locomotives. The prototype of the IPT system is developed to validate the proposed design, with an air gap of 5 inches and an 85kHz operating frequency [1].

Passive Shielding Design of an Inductive Power Transfer System for Railway Applications

Inductive power transfer (IPT) technology has gradually matured in electric vehicle (EV) charging. However, most of the existing designs have not considered the system inductance variation caused by factory manufacturing tolerance and ambient environment change, which can weaken the power transfer capability of the IPT systems significantly. In this paper, the effects of the inductance variation on the power transfer capability of IPT systems were investigated. A 10% coil tolerance can lead to a power reduction of up to 61.3%. To fill this gap, this paper proposed a frequency modulated maximum power point tracking (MPPT) method to adjust the inverter frequency to achieve its maximum power point. The simulation results under different circumstances were analyzed. The experimental results show the feasibility of this method to improve the power transfer capability. 

Wireless power transfer (WPT), particularly inductive power transfer (IPT), has been extensively researched in the electric vehicle (EV) domain due to its ability to enable automatic charging without manual intervention and its potential for charging while in motion. However, its implementation in battery-electric locomotives has not garnered sufficient attention, especially concerning the dynamic aspect. This study proposes a multi-transmitter single-receiver (MTSR) WPT system tailored for railway applications, employing a parallel synchronous multi-LCL-s compensation topology and a W-I-shaped coupler. The dynamic charging process of this system is analyzed, and methods for calculating the coupling coefficient and output during dynamic charging are derived. A prototype with one receiver and three transmitters is constructed. Static testing utilizing a single-transmitter and single-receiver (STSR) setup reveals that the system maintains a DC-DC efficiency of over 92% with an input DC voltage ranging from 200 to 500 V and an output load from 15.5 to 34 Ω. Notably, at an input power of 3.1 kW, voltage of 705V, and load resistance of 21 Ω, the system achieves a maximum efficiency of 94.73%. Dynamic testing results demonstrate that with an input power of 3 kW, voltage of 500V, and load resistance of 15 Ω, the highest dynamic efficiency reaches around 89% and remains stable at this level. Furthermore, the testing results validate the consistency between the system’s output characteristics and the calculated results, thereby verifying the rationale of the calculation methods.

Static and Dynamic Analysis of Wireless Power Transfer for Battery-Electric Locomotives

Inductive power transfer (IPT) technology has been extensively studied for electric vehicles (EV) in the past decades. However, it has not drawn much attention in railway application. Due to the unique requirements of the railway system, most of the EV coupler designs are not directly compatible with wireless charging applications for a train. To fill this technical gap, this paper discusses the design considerations for railway application and introduces a design of a modular 5-kW IPT system for rail locomotives. According to the design constraints, a novel W-I coupler is proposed for the 5-kW IPT system and the system is optimized via ANSYS Maxwell. A prototype of the proposed IPT system is developed at an airgap of 5 inches and 85 kHz operating frequency. The prototype has been validated in a 1.7 kW output power supply with a DC to DC efficiency of 85.6%. The experimental results validate the feasibility of the IPT system design for rail application.

Design Considerations of An Inductive Power Transfer System for Rail Application

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Design Considerations of An Inductive Power Transfer System for Rail Application