A family of medium access control protocols for single-channel packet radio networks is specified and analyzed. These protocols are based on a new channel access discipline called floor acquisition multiple access (FAMA), which consists of both carrier sensing and a collision-avoidance dialogue between a source and the intended receiver of a packet. Control of the channel (the floor) is assigned to at most one station in the network at any given time, and this station is guaranteed to be able to transmit one or more data packets to different destinations with no collision with transmissions from other stations. The minimum length needed in control packets to acquire the floor is specified as a function of the channel propagation time. The medium access collision avoidance (MACA) protocol proposed by Karn and variants of CSMA based on collision avoidance are shown to be variants of FAMA protocols when control packets last long enough compared to the channel propagation delay. The throughput of FAMA protocols is analyzed and compared with the throughput of non-persistent CSMA. This analysis shows that using carrier sensing as an integral part of the floor acquisition strategy provides the benefits of MACA in the presence of hidden terminals, and can provide a throughput comparable to, or better than, that of non-persistent CSMA when no hidden terminals exist.

/pdf/floor-acquisition-multiple-access-fama-for-packet-radio-34jdbbhlt2.pdf

Floor acquisition multiple access (FAMA) for packet-radio networks

A simple but robust approach to bridging, which is transparent to end stations, is discussed. These bridges, also called spanning tree bridges, are defined by the IEEE 802.1 Media Access Control Bridge Standard. The functions performed by the bridges are described. They consist of frame forwarding, learning of station addresses, and resolving possible loops in the topology by participation in the spanning tree algorithm. >

Transparent bridges for interconnection of IEEE 802 LANs

The author presents an overview of fundamental considerations that guide and motivate research in this area. He explores the relationship between the bandwidth of the fiber, the available power and the loss in various network designs, and the throughput of networks as limited by the medium-access techniques and control mechanisms. He discusses two approaches to opening up the bottleneck that seem particularly promising. The first, multihop, uses a novel network architecture to achieve high capacity with existing devices; the second, wavelength division multiple access (WDMA), emphasizes new devices in a relatively conventional architecture. Noting that the primary disadvantage of the bus topology, poor energy efficiency, could be overcome with a suitable optical amplifier to compensate for the high signal attenuation in the network, the author discusses one of the most promising candidates, the traveling-wave semiconductor amplifier. He also discusses medium-access considerations. >

High-capacity lightwave local are networks

The concept of source routing for the interconnection of local networks is described. An architectural framework is provided to emphasize the principal advantages inherent with such a bridging mechanism. Motivation for this form of routing is shown to be a consequence of the address structure within the local network standards that have been adopted by IEEE, the European Computer Manufacturers Association (ECMA), and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). As with many internetworking protocols, the use of a qualified address structure allows a more efficient routing mechanism. The physical address of a station, although not explicitly present in each transmitted frame, is implied by its attachment to a specific segment of the local network. This subtle point relative to local network addressing provides the foundation for the incorporation of source routing protocols. >

Addressing, bridging, and source routing (LAN interconnection)

The performance of the IEEE 802.4 priority mechanism in handling distributed real-time control traffic is examined. A timer assignment technique is presented for such applications. The timers are set to satisfy the worst-case access delay requirements of real-time control applications. Other applications that are not time constrained can be supported simultaneously. Under certain conditions, such applications can also be guaranteed a minimum bandwidth allocation. Simulation results are used to evaluate the timer assignment scheme. >

On the use of the IEEE 802.4 token bus in distributed real-time control systems

Advances in Local Area Networks

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Advances in Local Area Networks