The Study of International Relations.

The purpose of this dissertation is to demonstrate a new empirical and systemic geopolitical approach to the study of the ongoing territorial dispute in the Arctic resulting from the desire of two nation states, Denmark and Russia, to extend their own northernmost limits of the Exclusive Economic Zone to the central part of the Arctic Ocean. This approach combines geographic, legal and political analytical perspectives with quantitative research design to produce an inter-disciplinary study. Empirical evidence on the long-term socio-geographic development in the region (1993-2013) is provided together with information on particular territorial gains and losses for all decision-makers that arise in a number of potential scenarios (options). Variation in each decision-maker’s aggregate national socio-geographic resource, as implied by particular territorial modifications in the central part of the Arctic Ocean, serves as a basis for derivation of nontrivial payoffs on each option in the dispute. These payoffs are introduced into a three-player graph model for conflict resolution (Denmark, Russia, and the World) and stable dispute solutions are suggested on the basis of different combinations of decision-makers’ strategies, whose optimality is evaluated as well. Finally, alternative scenarios of future strategic developments in the region are suggested on the basis of coalition analysis, including the conditions under which their realization appears to be the most probable.

Applicability of Systemic Approach to the Analysis of Geostrategic Importance of a Transborder Region: the Arctic Case

Generally, the purpose of defense research and development (R&D) is to expand military capability for the armed forces of a country. Any spin-off of technologies from defense R&D programs is usually not a prime motivation but more often an unintended consequence. Nevertheless, many of the technologies used in civilian life were initially research and development projects for military purposes. These technologies eventually become adapted to civilian applications since they had beneficial economic and social ''spillover'' effects. However, there is a lack of research measuring the final outputs of defense R&D, including technology ''spin-offs.'' This study mainly tried to understand the effect of defense R&D expenditures on military capability and technological spillover. Statistical measures such as correlations were used to understand these effects. The study revealed that there is a highly positive correlation between defense R&D expenditure and military capability, as well as between defense R&D expenditure and technological spillover index. The study contributed to the academic literature in three ways by providing: new measures of military capability, a new estimation method for defense R&D expenditures, and a new method to measure technological spillover effect from defense R&D

https://scholar.afit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2002&context=etd

The Effect of Defense R&D on Military Capability and Technological Spillover

: Generally, the purpose of defense research and development (R&D) is to expand military capability for the armed forces of a country. Any spin-off of technologies from defense R&D programs is usually not a prime motivation but more often an unintended consequence. Nevertheless, many of the technologies used in civilian life were initially research and development projects for military purposes. These technologies eventually become adapted to civilian applications since they had beneficial economic and social ''spillover'' effects. However, there is a lack of research measuring the final outputs of defense R&D, including technology ''spin-offs.'' This study mainly tried to understand the effect of defense R&D expenditures on military capability and technological spillover. Statistical measures such as correlations were used to understand these effects. The study revealed that there is a highly positive correlation between defense R&D expenditure and military capability, as well as between defense R&D expenditure and technological spillover index. The study contributed to the academic literature in three ways by providing: new measures of military capability, a new estimation method for defense R&D expenditures, and a new method to measure technological spillover effect from defense R&D expenditures.

/pdf/the-effect-of-defense-r-d-expenditures-on-military-4fwz9qaqjl.pdf

The Effect of Defense R&D Expenditures on Military Capability and Technological Spillover

FoUR EARL y ATTEMPTS To DEvELoP PoWER FoRMULAS (1741-1955)

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FoUR EARL y ATTEMPTS To DEvELoP PoWER FoRMULAS (1741-1955)