Copper is an essential trace element in living systems, present in the parts per million concentration range. It is a key cofactor in a diverse array of biological oxidation-reduction reactions. These involve either outer-sphere electron transfer, as in the blue copper proteins and the Cu{sub A} site of cytochrome oxidase and nitrous oxide redutase, or inner-sphere electron transfer in the binding, activation, and reduction of dioxygen, superoxide, nitrite, and nitrous oxide. Copper sites have historically been divided into three classes based on their spectroscopic features, which reflect the geometric and electronic structure of the active site: type 1 (T1) or blue copper, type 2 (T2) or normal copper, and type 3 (T3) or coupled binuclear copper centers. 428 refs.

Multicopper Oxidases and Oxygenases

The DNA of telomeres--the terminal DNA-protein complexes of chromosomes--differs notably from other DNA sequences in both structure and function. Recent work has highlighted its remarkable mode of synthesis by the ribonucleoprotein reverse transcriptase, telomerase, as well as its ability to form unusual structures in vitro. Moreover, telomere synthesis by telomerase has been shown to be essential for telomere maintenance and long-term viability.

Structure and function of telomeres

Laccases of fungi attract considerable attention due to their possible involvement in the transformation of a wide variety of phenolic compounds including the polymeric lignin and humic substances. So far, more than a 100 enzymes have been purified from fungal cultures and characterized in terms of their biochemical and catalytic properties. Most ligninolytic fungal species produce constitutively at least one laccase isoenzyme and laccases are also dominant among ligninolytic enzymes in the soil environment. The fact that they only require molecular oxygen for catalysis makes them suitable for biotechnological applications for the transformation or immobilization of xenobiotic compounds.

Fungal laccases - occurrence and properties.

TELOMERES DEFINED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579 TELOMERE FUNCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580 SEQUENCE AND STRUCTURE OF TELOMERES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581 SOLUTIONS FOR REPLICATION OF DNA TERMINI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586 STRUCTURE OF SUBTELOMERIC REGIONS.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589 FORMA TION OF TELOMERES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . .. 591 PROTEINS THAT INTERACT WITH TELOMERES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594 ARE TELOMERES REALLY ESSENTIAL? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597 FUTURE PROSPECTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598

A process is provided of introducing an RNA into a living cell to inhibit gene expression of a target gene in that cell. The process may be practiced ex vivo or in vivo. The RNA has a region with double-stranded structure. Inhibition is sequence-specific in that the nucleotide sequences of the duplex region of the RNA and of a portion of the target gene are identical. The present invention is distinguished from prior art interference in gene expression by antisense or triple-strand methods.

Genetic Inhibition by Double-Stranded RNA

Introduction. Plasmids of eukaryotes have long been a neglected subject. Because they were initially found only in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sinclair et al. 1967), they were considered to be genetic elements of limited distribution with a cryptic function. Subsequently plasmids were detected in a plant, Zea mays (Pring et al. 1977), and in a filamentous fungus, Podospora anserina (Stahl et al. 1978). The fungal plasmid turned out to be a circular molecule, as expected in accordance with the generally accepted plasmid configuration (ccc = covalently closed circular). The corn plasmid, however, was the first linear plasmid to be described, though it was to prove antecedent to many others. Circular plasmids of eukaryotes have been reviewed extensively (see Esser ct al. 1986). Linear plasmids, many of which have been detected and analysed more recently, have yet to be reviewed in respect of their common properties and their potential application for research.

Linear plasmids among eukaryotes: fundamentals and application.

The Mycota : a comprehensive treatise on fungi as experimental systems for basic and applied research

Genetics of fungi

As previously reported, a ccc DNA with a contour length of 0.75 µm and molecular weight of 2.4 kb (termed plasmid-like, p1DNA) is the causative agent of senescence in the fungus Podospora anserina. Its postulated location in mtDNA was proved correct by the following experiments:
 All of these data fit into a previously published model in which, during aging, plDNA is excised from mtDNA and becomes autonomous for replication and function.

Plasmid-like DNA is part of mitochondrial DNA in Podospora anserina.

Industrial Applications

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

Karl Esser

Author Tools

Chat about Author