Despite the recognition that increased suspended sediment concentration (SSC) is a correlate of imperilment for native riverine fishes, research is limited on the effects of SSC on small non-game species. This study quantifies the impact of suspended sediment on fish growth and gill condition of two stream-dwelling minnows. Specific growth rate (i.e., percent change in mass per day) and gill condition (i.e., lamellar thickness and interlamellar area) were measured in young-of-year whitetail shiners, Cyprinella galactura, and federally threatened spotfin chubs, Erimonax
 monachus, exposed for 21 days to increased SSC (0, 25, 50, 100, and 500 mg L−1). Exposure to elevated SSC caused a significant decrease in specific growth rate in both species and at all life stages tested. The effect of increased SSC was greatest in spotfin chubs, which exhibited a 15-fold decrease in specific growth rate at the highest treatment (500 mg L−1). Effects of increased SSC were least for 8–9-month-old whitetail shiners, which had growth rates similar to controls for 25, 50, and 100 mg L−1 treatments. These minnows exhibited a greater response to increasing SSC than salmonids at low to moderate SSC, and a lesser response at higher sediment levels. Gill damage was minimal at the three lowest treatment levels, moderate at 100 mg L−1 and severe at 500 mg L−1, indicating that respiratory surfaces of upland minnows may be much more sensitive than other species. Specific growth rate decreased significantly with increasing gill lamellar thickness, suggesting that respiratory impairment is one mechanism responsible for negative impacts of excessive sediment on small riverine fishes.

Effects of increased suspended sediment on growth rate and gill condition of two southern Appalachian minnows

The surface of marine animals is covered by abundant and diversified microbial communities, which have major roles for the health of their host. While such microbiomes have been deeply examined in marine invertebrates such as corals and sponges, the microbiomes living on marine vertebrates have received less attention. Specifically, the diversity of these microbiomes, their variability among species, and their drivers are still mostly unknown, especially among the fish species living on coral reefs that contribute to key ecosystem services while they are increasingly affected by human activities. Here, we investigated these knowledge gaps analyzing the skin microbiome of 138 fish individuals belonging to 44 coral reef fish species living in the same area. Prokaryotic communities living on the skin of coral reef fishes are highly diverse, with on average more than 600 OTUs per fish, and differ from planktonic microbes. Skin microbiomes varied between fish individual and species, and interspecific differences were slightly coupled to the phylogenetic affiliation of the host and its ecological traits. These results highlight that coral reef biodiversity is greater than previously appreciated, since the high diversity of macro-organisms supports a highly diversified microbial community. This suggest that beyond the loss of coral reefs-associated macroscopic species, anthropic activities on coral reefs could also lead to a loss of still unexplored host-associated microbial diversity, which urgently needs to be assessed.

/pdf/skin-microbiome-of-coral-reef-fish-is-highly-variable-and-547i8xjrbj.pdf

Skin microbiome of coral reef fish is highly variable and driven by host phylogeny and diet.

Contaminant related changes in behavioral, phase I and II metabolizing enzymes and pro-oxidant/antioxidant processes in the freshwater mussels Dreissena polymorpha exposed to metals and PCBs were assessed. Behavioral and biochemical responses including filtering rates, key phase I, II and antioxidant enzymes and levels of metallothioneins, glutathione, lipid peroxidation and DNA strand breaks were determined in digestive glands of mussels after being exposed to sublethal levels of mercury chloride, methyl mercury, cadmium and Aroclor 1260 during 5 days. In 7 out of 12 responses analyzed, mussels showed significant differences across treatments. Unusual properties of measured ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activities indicated that mussels lack an inducible CYP1A enzymatic activity. Despite of using similar exposure levels, inorganic and organic mercury showed different biomarker patterns of response with methyl mercury being more bio-available and unable to induce metallothionein proteins. Mussels exposed to Cd presented higher levels of metallothioneins and an enhanced metabolism of glutathione, whereas those exposed to Aroclor showed their antioxidant glutathione peroxidase related enzyme activities inhibited. Although there was evidence for increased lipid peroxidation under exposure to inorganic and organic mercury, only mussels exposed to Aroclor had significant greater levels than those in controls.

Multi-biomarker responses in the freshwater mussel Dreissena polymorpha exposed to polychlorobiphenyls and metals

http://cejsh.icm.edu.pl/cejsh/element/bwmeta1.element.oai-journals-pan-pl-100141/c/oai-journals-pan-pl-100141_full-text_64738e67-5e0a-4904-94e6-fdb527b8505e.pdf

Seasonal assessment of biological indices, bioaccumulation and bioavailability of heavy metals in mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis from Algerian west coast, applied to environmental monitoring ☆

Effect of hypoosmotic stress by low salinity acclimation of Mediterranean mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis on biological parameters used for pollution assessment.

Towards a validation of a cellular biomarker suite in native and transplanted zebra mussels: A 2-year integrative field study of seasonal and pollution-induced variations

Is the freshwater gammarid, Dikerogammarus villosus, a suitable sentinel species for the implementation of histochemical biomarkers?

Morphometric examination was carried out on the gills and skin of wild and caged hatchery brown trout Salmo trutta fario in an acidic (pH 4.9 to 5.4; Al 203 to 250 microg l(-1)) and in a non-acidic (pH 6.7 to 7.0; Al 27 to 67 microg l(-1)) stream in the Vosges Mountains (NE France) to assess the sublethal effects of acidic water on the mucous cell response. The caged fish were randomly collected after 2, 4, 7 and 11 d and the wild fish were obtained by electrofishing. After 2 d, a reduction of both mucous cell (MC) number and size was observed in the gills of fish held in the acidic stream, suggesting a massive mucus discharge. Hyperplasia and hypertrophy of cells immediately followed this mucus secretion. In the same fish population, skin examination showed a slight and delayed decrease of MC number but a significant increase of cell size. The number of mucous cells of gills and skin was similar in both wild trout populations, whereas a significant MC hypertrophy was observed in the wild fish of the acidic stream. The present field experiment indicates that caged fish could be useful as early indicators of acidification. In addition, the examination of wild populations suggested the occurrence of adaptive mechanisms, information that might be of importance in the context of river recovery programs.

/pdf/mucous-cell-responses-in-gill-and-skin-of-brown-trout-salmo-2yxja50hny.pdf

Mucous cell responses in gill and skin of brown trout Salmo trutta fario in acidic, aluminium-containing stream water.

Field application of a set of cellular biomarkers in the digestive gland of the freshwater snail Radix peregra (Gastropoda, Pulmonata).

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Towards a validation of a cellular biomarker suite in native and transplanted zebra mussels: A 2-year integrative field study of seasonal and pollution-induced variations

Is the freshwater gammarid, Dikerogammarus villosus, a suitable sentinel species for the implementation of histochemical biomarkers?

Mucous cell responses in gill and skin of brown trout Salmo trutta fario in acidic, aluminium-containing stream water.

Field application of a set of cellular biomarkers in the digestive gland of the freshwater snail Radix peregra (Gastropoda, Pulmonata).