Pathologic Basis of Diseaseby Stanley L. Robbins is really the fourth edition of hisPathology. Appropriate updating and addition enhance the otherwise identical format, sequence, writing, and illustrations. So many medical students have benefited from this source that it may be the best known general book in the field. I recommend it even more now. Like his former texts, this will be enjoyed for its readability. He clearly lays out a great deal of information. When he includes minutiae, the reasons are clear and one feels that all the material is pertinent. Robbins keeps the whole field in perspective—that is, he does not dwell so long or so heavily on pathologic anatomy or pathogenesis as to tempt the reader to overlook clinical presentation or prognosis. A great strength of the subject of pathology is that it bonds strongly with many other medical sciences and specialties and thus occupies the

Pathologic Basis of Disease

Exposure and effects assessment of persistent organohalogen contaminants in arctic wildlife and fish.

The long-term consequences of climate change and potential environmental degradation are likely to include aspects of disease emergence in marine plants and animals. In turn, these emerging diseases may have epizootic potential, zoonotic implications, and a complex pathogenesis involving other cofactors such as anthropogenic contaminant burden, genetics, and immunologic dysfunction. The concept of marine sentinel organisms provides one approach to evaluating aquatic ecosystem health. Such sentinels are barometers for current or potential negative impacts on individual- and population-level animal health. In turn, using marine sentinels permits better characterization and management of impacts that ultimately affect animal and human health associated with the oceans. Marine mammals are prime sentinel species because many species have long life spans, are long-term coastal residents, feed at a high trophic level, and have unique fat stores that can serve as depots for anthropogenic toxins. Marine mammals may be exposed to environmental stressors such as chemical pollutants, harmful algal biotoxins, and emerging or resurging pathogens. Since many marine mammal species share the coastal environment with humans and consume the same food, they also may serve as effective sentinels for public health problems. Finally, marine mammals are charismatic megafauna that typically stimulate an exaggerated human behavioral response and are thus more likely to be observed.

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0300985810388525

Marine Mammals as Sentinel Species for Oceans and Human Health

The degree of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination of environmental matrices has increased over the last several years due to increase in industrial activities Interest has surrounded the occurrence and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons for many decades because they pose a serious threat to the health of humans and ecosystems The importance of the need for sustainable abatement strategies to alleviate contamination therefore cannot be overemphasised, as daily human activities continue to create pollution from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and impact the natural environment Globally, attempts have been made to design treatment schemes for the remediation and restoration of contaminated sites Several techniques and technologies have been proposed and tested over time, the majority of which have significant limitations This has necessitated research into environmentally friendly and cost-effective clean-up techniques Bioremediation is an appealing option that has been extensively researched and adopted as it has been proven to be relatively cost-effective, environmentally friendly and is publicly accepted In this review, the physicochemical properties of some priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, as well as the pathways and mechanisms through which they enter the soil, river systems, drinking water, groundwater and food are succinctly examined Their effects on human health, other living organisms, the aquatic ecosystem, as well as soil microbiota are also elucidated The persistence and bioavailability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are discussed as well, as they are important factors that influence the rate, efficiency and overall success of remediation Bioremediation (aerobic and anaerobic), use of biosurfactants and bioreactors, as well as the roles of biofilms in the biological treatment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are also explored

http://digitalknowledge.cput.ac.za/bitstream/11189/6185/1/Alegbeleye_OO_Opeolu_BO_Jackson_VA_AppSci_2017.pdf

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: A Critical Review of Environmental Occurrence and Bioremediation.

The evolution of multicellularity required the suppression of cancer. If every cell has some chance of becoming cancerous, large, long-lived organisms should have an increased risk of developing cancer compared with small, short-lived organisms. The lack of correlation between body size and cancer risk is known as Peto's paradox. Animals with 1000 times more cells than humans do not exhibit an increased cancer risk, suggesting that natural mechanisms can suppress cancer 1000 times more effectively than is done in human cells. Because cancer has proven difficult to cure, attention has turned to cancer prevention. In this review, similar to pharmaceutical companies mining natural products, we seek to understand how evolution has suppressed cancer to develop ultimately improved cancer prevention in humans.

/pdf/peto-s-paradox-evolution-s-prescription-for-cancer-2wxtdrlw7q.pdf

Peto's Paradox: evolution's prescription for cancer prevention.

A population of approximately 650 beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) inhabits a short segment of the St. Lawrence estuary (SLE). Over 17 years (1983-1999), we have examined 129 (or 49%) of 263 SLE beluga carcasses reported stranded. The major primary causes of death were respiratory and gastrointestinal infections with metazoan parasites (22%), cancer (18%), and bacterial, viral, and protozoan infections (17%). We observed cancer in 27% of examined adult animals found dead, a percentage similar to that found in humans. The estimated annual rate (AR) of all cancer types (163/100,000 animals) is much higher than that reported for any other population of cetacean and is similar to that of humans and to that of hospitalized cats and cattle. The AR of cancer of the proximal intestine, a minimum figure of 63 per 100,000 animals, is much higher than that observed in domestic animals and humans, except in sheep in certain parts of the world, where environmental contaminants are believed to be involved in the etiology of this condition. SLE beluga and their environment are contaminated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) produced by the local aluminum smelters. The human population living in proximity of the SLE beluga habitat is affected by rates of cancer higher than those found in people in the rest of Quebec and Canada, and some of these cancers have been epidemiologically related to PAHs. Considered with the above observations, the exposure of SLE beluga to PAHs and their contamination by these compounds are consistent with the hypothesis that PAHs are involved in the etiology of cancer in these animals.

/pdf/cancer-in-wildlife-a-case-study-beluga-from-the-st-lawrence-5bzq5et7i6.pdf

Cancer in wildlife, a case study: beluga from the St. Lawrence estuary, Québec, Canada.

Cancer in Beluga: Response

Epitheliotropic cutaneous lymphoma in a Javan silvered leaf monkey (
 Trachypithecus auratus auratus
 ) and attempted treatment with masitinib

Psorergatic mange in two ring‐tailed lemurs (
 Lemur catta
 )

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Cancer in wildlife, a case study: beluga from the St. Lawrence estuary, Québec, Canada.

Cancer in Beluga: Response

Epitheliotropic cutaneous lymphoma in a Javan silvered leaf monkey ( Trachypithecus auratus auratus ) and attempted treatment with masitinib

Psorergatic mange in two ring‐tailed lemurs ( Lemur catta )