The organization and expression of histone gene families.

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the transformation of nucleoprotein types during gametogenesis, fertilization, and early development, outlines chromatin structural changes that accompany these nucleoprotein transitions, and discusses some functions of the nucleoproteins and histone variants associated with gamete, zygote, and early embryonic nuclei. As a result of nucleoprotein transitions during spermatogenesis, most sperm nuclei enter egg cytoplasm with proteins which may, to varying degrees, be incompatible with subsequent chromosomal activities such as replication, transcription, recombination, and mitotic condensation. Transitional proteins might be utilized before or after fertilization for effective histone replacement or might serve specific structural role during meiosis or pronuclear decondensation. Although fundamental conservation of histone sequence and structure remains the rule in chromosome construction, variation on histone forms, including their extreme replacements by other types of nucleoproteins, continue to offer insight into nucleoprotein function.

Remodeling of nucleoproteins during gametogenesis, fertilization, and early development.

Core histone gene expression in HeLa S3 cells has been examined as a function of the cell cycle using cloned human histone gene probes. Total cellular histone mRNAs were analyzed by Northern blot analysis, and their relative abundance shown to be temporally coupled to DNA synthesis rates in S phase. The in vivo incorporation of 3H-uridine into at least fifteen heterologous histone mRNAs (in one hour pulse intervals at various times in the cell cycle), was monitored by hybrid selection. Hybridized RNAs were eluted and resolved electrophoretically to give both a quantitative and qualitative assay for multiple mRNA species. Maximal incorporation of 3H-uridine into histone mRNAs precedes their maximal accumulation, indicating that transcriptional regulation is predominant in early S phase. The turnover of histone mRNAs in late S occurs in the presence of a reduced apparent transcription rate, indicating that post-transcriptional regulation is predominant in late S. All the detected multiple histone mRNAs are coordinately regulated during the HeLa cell cycle.

Coordinate regulation of multiple histone mRNAs during the cell cycle in HeLa cells

Orphons: Dispersed genetic elements derived from tandem repetitive genes of eucaryotes

The sea urchin embryo

During embryogenesis in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, there is a shift from one histone mRNA population to another. The early and late embryonic histone mRNAs, previously shown to differ considerably in sequence from each other by hybrid melting studies, are shown here to differ also in electrophoretic mobility on polyacrylamide gels as the positions of the early and late mRNAs are completely noncoincident. The various species of both early and late samples are identified as particular histone mRNAs by hybridization to cloned histone DNAs containing part of the early-type repeat unit or to restriction enzyme fragments derived from these unit. Four bands in the early mRNA sample are identified as H1, H3, H2A " H2B, and H4 mRNA while at least 10 bands can be seen in the late mRNA preparation with unambiguous identification of H1, H2B, and H4 mRNAs. A cluster of late species is shown to contain both H3 and H2A mRNA. When a polysomal RNA preparation from the 26-h embryo is hybridized to the histone DNA, eluted, and then translated in vitro in a wheat germ system, the histone products migrate in the position of late histones when subjected to electrophoresis on Triton X-urea gels. Using DNA which contains genes for H2A + H3 or H2A alone, we demonstrate the specificity of the early-type DNA probes for these two late histones. Therefore, by hybridization of newly synthesized RNAs and translation of the total polysomal RNA present in the late embryo, it is shown that mRNAs for all five histone classes may cross-react with the cloned early-type DNA. The hybrids formed, however, are much less stable than those formed with the early histone mRNA. In vitro translation of total cytoplasmic RNA from various embryonic stages indicates that transition between the two classes occurs during most of the blastula period.

Histone gene switch in the sea urchin embryo. Identification of late embryonic histone messenger ribonucleic acids and the control of their synthesis.

Timing and rates of synthesis of early histone mRNA in the embryo of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus

Size of histone gene transcripts in different embryonic stages of the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus.

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Histone gene switch in the sea urchin embryo. Identification of late embryonic histone messenger ribonucleic acids and the control of their synthesis.

Timing and rates of synthesis of early histone mRNA in the embryo of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus

Size of histone gene transcripts in different embryonic stages of the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus.