The taxonomy of herpesviruses has been updated by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). The former family Herpesviridae has been split into three families, which have been incorporated into the new order Herpesvirales. The revised family Herpesviridae retains the mammal, bird and reptile viruses, the new family Alloherpesviridae incorporates the fish and frog viruses, and the new family Malacoherpesviridae contains a bivalve virus. Three new genera have been created in the family Herpesviridae, namely Proboscivirus in the subfamily Betaherpesvirinae and Macavirus and Percavirus in the subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae. These genera have been formed by the transfer of species from established genera and the erection of new species, and other new species have been added to some of the established genera. In addition, the names of some nonhuman primate virus species have been changed. The family Alloherpesviridae has been populated by transfer of the genus Ictalurivirus and addition of the new species Cyprinid herpesvirus 3. The family Malacoherpesviridae incorporates the new genus Ostreavirus containing the new species Ostreid herpesvirus 1.

/pdf/the-order-herpesvirales-3gaky0ghf9.pdf

The order Herpesvirales.

/pdf/the-family-herpesviridae-an-update-the-herpesvirus-study-1kdczqc69y.pdf

The family Herpesviridae: an update. The Herpesvirus Study Group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses.

A new human herpesvirus has been isolated from CD4+ T cells purified from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of a healthy individual (RK), following incubation of the cells under conditions promoting T-cell activation. The virus could not be recovered from nonactivated cells. Cultures of lymphocytes infected with the RK virus exhibited a cytopathic effect, and electron microscopic analyses revealed a characteristic herpesvirus structure. RK virus DNA did not hybridize with large probes derived from herpes simplex virus, Epstein-Barr virus, varicella-zoster virus, and human cytomegalovirus. The genetic relatedness of the RK virus to the recently identified T-lymphotropic human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) was investigated by restriction enzyme analyses using 21 different enzymes and by blot hybridization analyses using 11 probes derived from two strains of HHV-6 (Z29 and U1102). Whereas the two HHV-6 strains exhibited only limited restriction enzyme polymorphism, cleavage of the RK virus DNA yielded distinct patterns. Of the 11 HHV-6 DNA probes tested, only 6 cross-hybridized with DNA fragments derived from the RK virus. Taken together, the maximal homology amounted to 31 kilobases of the 75 kilobases tested. We conclude that the RK virus is distinct from previously characterized human herpesviruses. We propose to designate it as the prototype of a new herpesvirus, the seventh human herpesvirus identified to date.

Isolation of a new herpesvirus from human CD4+ T cells

Viruses rely on the metabolic network of the host cell to provide energy and macromolecular precursors to fuel viral replication. Here we used mass spectrometry to examine the impact of two related herpesviruses, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1), on the metabolism of fibroblast and epithelial host cells. Each virus triggered strong metabolic changes that were conserved across different host cell types. The metabolic effects of the two viruses were, however, largely distinct. HCMV but not HSV-1 increased glycolytic flux. HCMV profoundly increased TCA compound levels and flow of two carbon units required for TCA cycle turning and fatty acid synthesis. HSV-1 increased anapleurotic influx to the TCA cycle through pyruvate carboxylase, feeding pyrimidine biosynthesis. Thus, these two related herpesviruses drive diverse host cells to execute distinct, virus-specific metabolic programs. Current drugs target nucleotide metabolism for treatment of both viruses. Although our results confirm that this is a robust target for HSV-1, therapeutic interventions at other points in metabolism might prove more effective for treatment of HCMV.

/pdf/divergent-effects-of-human-cytomegalovirus-and-herpes-1u9k3fk5yf.pdf

Divergent effects of human cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus-1 on cellular metabolism.

Publisher Summary The past decade has seen very significant progress in the identification and characterization of the proteins of vovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1), and in understanding their role in the initiation of infection at the receptor level and in virus replication. Furthermore, advances in immunology have allowed dissection of the host immune response and identification of the specific protein/glycoproteins and epitopes on these glycoproteins involved in the modulation of the infection. This progress has provided an opportunity to better understand the events involved in the pathogenesis of BHV-1 as well as to develop more effective methods of controlling this disease through vaccine development. The ability to study these virus-cell interactions in the natural host not only aids in controlling BHV-1, but lays the foundation for a better understanding of herpesvirus infection in general. This chapter summarizes the recent advances regarding the proteins/glycoproteins present in the virus, their characterization, and function in infection and virus replication, as well as their interaction with various cells of the immune system.

Bovine Herpesvirus 1 (Bhv-1(: Biology, Pathogenesis, and Control

Herpesviridae. Definition, provisional nomenclature, and taxonomy. The Herpesvirus Study Group, the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses.

/pdf/juvenile-salmon-estuarine-and-freshwater-fish-utilization-of-3eptx4yc22.pdf

Juvenile salmon, estuarine, and freshwater fish utilization of habitat associated with the fisher slough restoration project, washington 2009

http://skagitcoop.org/wp-content/uploads/Appendix-C-Freshwater.pdf

Linking freshwater rearing habitat to skagit chinook salmon recovery

/pdf/juvenile-salmon-and-nearshore-fish-use-in-shallow-intertidal-3sstlc0pzc.pdf

Juvenile salmon and nearshore fish use in shallow intertidal habitat associated with Dugualla Heights Lagoon, 2012

Abstract: Fish species are important for various purposes including aquaculture stock and display animals, but there are significant gaps in the medical knowledge regarding pharmacological parameters and effective pain management. Meloxicam is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that has been studied in few teleost species and with several administration routes. However, these species were typically freshwater or euryhaline fish, and evaluation in marine species is lacking. The pharmacokinetic properties of meloxicam were determined in nine adult China rockfish (Sebastes nebulosus), presumed healthy based on physical examination and benign medical histories. Based on a pilot study, China rockfish were given 1 mg/kg meloxicam via IM injection in the epaxial musculature, and, after a 48-h washout period, 1 mg/kg meloxicam was given by PO gavage. Blood samples were collected from the caudal vein at baseline and at nine time intervals over a 48-h time period following administration of meloxicam. Plasma meloxicam concentrations were determined by reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography, and noncompartmental analysis was performed. The mean peak plasma concentration after IM injection was 4.9 µg/ml, and the mean terminal half-life was 5.0 h. The mean peak plasma concentration after PO administration was 0.07 µg/ml. Based on these findings, IM injected meloxicam reaches plasma levels consistent with therapeutic concentrations in select mammals, and peak levels were maintained for ≤12 h. Single-dose PO administration failed to achieve similar concentrations, and clinical practicality is unknown. Further studies evaluating NSAID multidose regimes and their pharmacodynamic effects may provide additional dosing information.

Pharmacokinetics of meloxicam after single oral and intramuscular administration in china rockfish (sebastes nebulosus)

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