The Rise of the Creative Class

In this paper I offer a fairly complete account of the idea of social discount rates as applied to public policy analysis. I show that those rates are neither ethical primitives nor observables as market rates of return on investment, but that they ought instead to be derived from economic forecasts and society's conception of distributive justice concerning the allocation of goods and services across personal identities, time, and events. However, I also show that if future uncertainties are large, the formulation of intergenerational well-being we economists have grown used to could lead to ethical paradoxes even if the uncertainties are thin-tailed. Various modelling avenues that offer a way out of the dilemma are discussed. None is entirely satisfactory.

/pdf/discounting-climate-change-2y9f4tc801.pdf

Discounting climate change

https://isiarticles.com/bundles/Article/pre/pdf/150.pdf

Consumer behaviour and demand response of tourists to climate change

Tourism development, energy consumption and Environmental Kuznets Curve: trivariate analysis in the panel of developed and developing countries.

The European Union Emissions Trading System (EU-ETS) is considered one of the main legislative systems that are set up to reduce emissions and protect the environment. Most of the works in the literature approach this system from a legislation and/or global point of view. Little has been done to examine this system from the perspective of the user. This work is believed to be the first to consider the EU-ETS system in a supply chain and operations management context. A two-level (vendor–buyer) supply chain model with a coordination mechanism is presented while accounting for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from manufacturing processes. Different emissions trading schemes are considered, and possible combinations between these schemes are presented. The developed model could be found useful by mangers who wish to jointly minimise the inventory-related and GHG emissions costs of their supply chains when penalties for exceeding emissions limits are considered. Numerical examples are presented, and results are...

Supply chain coordination with emissions reduction incentives

https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/68021/1/527775355.pdf

The impact of the UK aviation tax on carbon dioxide emissions and visitor numbers

https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/67988/1/557157676.pdf

Environmental accounts for the Republic of Ireland

Medium-Term Review 2008-2015

1. INTRODUCTION Environmental accounts provide information on emissions and resource use. Environmental accounts are so-called satellite accounts to the national accounts, which provide a comprehensive framework to present economic data in a coherent, consistent, and internationally comparable manner. Environmental accounts are specifically designed to reveal the pressure the economy puts on the environment, and are therefore an essential input to policy analysis and design (Nordhaus and Kokkelenberg, 1999). The Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI) has been commissioned by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to design and build a sustainable development model for Ireland (ISus) that will forecast environmental emissions and resource use for the Republic of Ireland up to 2030. The ISus model is driven by the HERMES model, which projects economic production and consumption per sector (e.g., FitzGerald et al., 2002). As with any such model, data are the starting point for the development of ISus (O'Doherty and Tol, 2007). These data are gathered in the environmental accounts. The Central Statistics Office has previously published environmental accounts for the Republic of Ireland (CSO, 2007), drawing on earlier work by Bacon (1981), Scott (1999), Curtis (2001) and Eakins and Curtis (2003). The theory goes back to Nordhaus and Tobin (1972) and Weitzman (1976). However, the CSO environmental accounts cover only six emissions to air and omit resource use altogether; the CSO environmental accounts are limited to the period 1994-2005; and the CSO environmental accounts reallocate some emissions from power generation to electricity users, on the basis of an unspecified method. It was therefore decided to develop new environmental accounts for the Republic of Ireland that (a) cover more emissions and resource use; (b) cover the period 1990-2005; and (c) relate to production without corrections for intermediate deliveries. The results are presented here. Raw data on the environment can be difficult to accommodate in economic models. Environmental accounts are designed to 'measure objectively and consistently how environmental functions contribute to the economy and subsequently, how the economy exerts pressures on the environment' (Pedersen and de Haan, 2006, 20). A System of Environment and Economic Accounting (SEEA; United Nations et al., 2003) was developed to provide an objective system for analysing the effect of the economy on the environment and vice versa. The SEEA aims to guarantee international comparability of environmental data. The environmental accounts presented are consistent with the SEEA, but still cover only a small fraction of the full environmental accounts. The CSO environmental accounts for Ireland are limited to the emissions to air of six substances. This is a limited set compared to that of other European countries as can be seen from Table 1. The environmental accounts presented in this paper are new accounts for the Republic of Ireland and aim to cover more emissions and a longer time period. The environmental accounts presented are consistent with the SEEA, but still cover only a small fraction of the full environmental accounts. Particularly, expenditures on environmental protection, and the monetary value of pollution and resources is omitted. Section 2 presents data sources and imputation methods. Section 3 discusses pertinent trends in the observation. Section 4 concludes. 2. DATA Gathering the necessary data was the starting point for the compilation of the national environmental accounts. Ireland has a poor history in environmental data reporting but has improved in recent years. The quality and detail of the available data is, however, still variable and the emissions of certain pollutants still go unreported. We distinguish between 'high quality' data, which in general are reported annually in an international standard reporting format, and 'mixed quality' data, which tend to be available for only a limited number of years and to be based on a bespoke reporting format. …

Environmental accounts for the republic of Ireland: 1990-2005

This study uses country-level panel data on consumption in Ireland and seven other OECD countries to examine the evolution of Irish consumption patterns as Ireland underwent rapid macroeconomic growth. Consumption levels obviously increased due to substantially higher incomes, but it is less clear how the shares of different types of goods purchased have changed or whether Ireland's consumption mix has converged with that of other high-income countries. Rankings based on a simple distance measure of consumption similarity suggest that Ireland moved from a "low-income" pattern similar to Portugal or Greece to a "high-income" pattern like that of Canada between 1995 and 2003. Using static and dynamic Almost Ideal Demand System models, we first estimate long- and short-run Irish price and income elasticities for nine categories of commodities between 1976 and 2003. These results provide evidence of substantial habit formation in aggregate consumption. We then estimate a long-run cross-country model covering six aggregate commodity groups between 1975 and 2003. The analysis shows that Ireland’s demand parameters remain more similar to those of Greece than to higher-income OECD countries in the sample. Although Ireland has overtaken most other OECD countries in per capita income, it is still converging to a higher-income consumption pattern. We foresee further convergence of Irish expenditure patterns towards a pattern typical of high-income countries.

Convergence of Consumption Patterns During Macroeconomic Transition: A Model of Demand In Ireland and the OECD. ESRI WP205. August 2007

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