This book, on a very timely and interesting subject, presents a detailed overview of the current state-of-the-art of offshore wind power systems. As noted in the text, the European dominance in offshore wind farms is expected to continue in the future, with most manufacturing being in Europe. This early lead implies that European exports and expertise also become significant. In this light, European offshore wind energy experts have written the book’s thirteen chapters from universities, research laboratories, and industry. Each chapter contributes to the overall theme of solving the technical problems facing offshore wind energy by combining the technologies of wind engineering and ocean/offshore engineering in a unified approach. As shown below, the thirteen chapters are analytically based and each chapter generally contains a significant number of important references on their particular subject: •O ffshore wind power: A review of progress • Basics of wind turbines • Wind & waves in the Mediterranean Sea • Climatology • Electrical aspects of wind turbines

Book Review Offshore Wind Power

The current effort towards the progressive switch from carbon‐based to renewable energy production is leading to a relevant spreading of both on‐ and off‐shore wind turbine towers. Regarding reinforced concrete shallow foundations of onshore wind turbine steel towers, possible reductions of reinforcement may increase their sustainability, speed of erection, and competitiveness. The article presents the results of an experimental program carried out at Politecnico di Milano concerning both cyclic and monotonic loading, simulating extreme wind conditions on 1:15 scaled models of wind turbine steel towers connected by stud bolt adapters to reinforced concrete shallow foundations embedded in a sandy soil. Three couples of foundation specimens were tested with different reinforcement layouts: (a) similar to current praxis, (b) without shear reinforcement, and (c) without shear reinforcement and with 50% of ordinary steel rebars replaced by steel fibers. Additional vertical loads were added to the small‐scale models in order to ensure similarity in terms of stresses. The test results allowed to (i) characterize the mechanical behavior of the foundation element considering soil‐structure interaction under both service and ultimate load conditions, (ii) assess the foundation failure mode, (iii) highlight the role of each typology of reinforcing bars forming the cage, and (iv) provide hints for the optimization of these latter.

/pdf/experimental-tests-on-shallow-foundations-of-onshore-wind-3pmn1iuj.pdf

Experimental tests on shallow foundations of onshore wind turbine towers

Wind turbine foundations are typically cast in place, leaving the concrete to mature under environmental conditions that vary in time and space. As a result, there is uncertainty around the concrete’s initial performance, and this can encourage both costly over-design and inaccurate prognoses of structural health. Here, we demonstrate the field application of a dense, wireless thermocouple network to monitor the strength development of an onshore, reinforced-concrete wind turbine foundation. Up-to-date methods in fly ash concrete strength and maturity modelling are used to estimate the distribution and evolution of foundation strength over 29 days of curing. Strength estimates are verified by core samples, extracted from the foundation base. In addition, an artificial neural network, trained using temperature data, is exploited to demonstrate that distributed concrete strengths can be estimated for foundations using only sparse thermocouple data. Our techniques provide a practical alternative to computational models, and could assist site operators in making more informed decisions about foundation design, construction, operation and maintenance.

Wireless Concrete Strength Monitoring of Wind Turbine Foundations.

This research deals with setting up a monitoring system for the support structure of a 3 MW, onshore wind turbine of concrete-steel hybrid-tower design. Its purpose is to monitor structural dynamics and material strains to detect defects and fatigue and to determine the remaining service life of the wind turbine's support structure.
A literature search is conducted to find a suitable sensor configuration. Based on these findings, an adapted data acquisition system is designed and specific sensors are chosen. The monitoring system's design focuses on reliability, because the designated operating time is at least 2.5 years. Remote control and automated data synchronization techniques are therefore implemented.
The first version of the monitoring system comprises two accelerometers, one seismometer, and two temperature sensors installed on different tower levels. Data processing and preliminary results such as eigenfrequencies and tower displacement calculated from accelerations are presented.

Monitoring of Wind Turbine Structures with Concrete-steel Hybrid-tower Design

Onshore wind turbine foundations are generally over-engineered as their internal stress states are challenging to directly monitor during operation. While there are industry drivers to shift towards more economical foundation designs, making this transition safely will require new monitoring techniques, so that the uncertainties around structural health can be reduced. This paper presents the initial results of a real-time strain monitoring campaign for an operating wind turbine foundation. Selected reinforcement bars were instrumented with metal packaged optical fibre strain sensors prior to concrete casting. In this paper, we outline the sensors’ design, characterisation and installation, and present 67 days of operational data. During this time, measured foundation strains did not exceed 95 μ ϵ , and showed a strong correlation with both measured tower displacements and the results of a foundation finite element model. The work demonstrates that real-time foundation monitoring is not only achievable, but that it has the potential to help operators and policymakers quantify the conservatism of their existing design codes.

Field Demonstration of Real-Time Wind Turbine Foundation Strain Monitoring.

Identifiable Stress State of Wind Turbine Tower-foundation System Based on Field Measurement and FE Analysis

風車RC基礎部の実測及び非線形有限要素解析に基づく疲労評価;風車RC基礎部の実測及び非線形有限要素解析に基づく疲労評価;Fatigue Evaluation for RC Foundation of Wind Turbine Based on Field Measurement and Nonlinear fe Analysis

Damage assessment for composite members and joints based on nonlinear finite element analysis

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Identifiable Stress State of Wind Turbine Tower-foundation System Based on Field Measurement and FE Analysis

風車RC基礎部の実測及び非線形有限要素解析に基づく疲労評価;風車RC基礎部の実測及び非線形有限要素解析に基づく疲労評価;Fatigue Evaluation for RC Foundation of Wind Turbine Based on Field Measurement and Nonlinear fe Analysis

Damage assessment for composite members and joints based on nonlinear finite element analysis