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Modern Applied Statistics With S

Water sampling and filtration of environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis have been performed by several different methods, and each method may yield a different species composition or eDNA concentration. Here, we investigated the eDNA of seawater samples directly collected by SCUBA to compare two widely used filtration methods: open filtration with a glass filter (GF/F) and enclosed filtration (Sterivex). We referred to biomass based on visual observation data collected simultaneously to clarify the difference between organism groups. Water samples were collected at two points in the Sea of Japan in May, September and December 2018. The respective samples were filtered through GF/F and Sterivex for eDNA extraction. We quantified the eDNA concentration of five fish and two cnidarian species by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) using species-specific primers/probe sets. A strong correlation of eDNA concentration was obtained between GF/F and Sterivex; the intercepts and slopes of the linear regression lines were slightly different in fish and jellyfish. The amount of eDNA detected using the GF/F filtration method was higher than that detected using Sterivex when the eDNA concentration was high; the opposite trend was observed when the eDNA concentration was relatively low. The concentration of eDNA correlated with visually estimated biomass; eDNA concentration per biomass in jellyfish was approximately 700 times greater than that in fish. We conclude that GF/F provides an advantage in collecting a large amount of eDNA, whereas Sterivex offers superior eDNA sensitivity. Both filtration methods are effective in estimating the spatiotemporal biomass size of target marine species.

/pdf/comparing-the-efficiency-of-open-and-enclosed-filtration-35tj5ym7gw.pdf

Comparing the efficiency of open and enclosed filtration systems in environmental DNA quantification for fish and jellyfish.

Selective suppression of in situ proliferation of scyphozoan polyps by biofouling.

The size of medusa populations in most scyphozoan species can be affected by the size of their benthic polyp populations, which reproduce asexually to give birth to planktonic ephyrae, but also are subject to predation by natural enemies. In this study, five gastropod species (Calliostoma unicum, Pleurobranchaea japonica, Hermissenda crassicornis, Sakuraeolis enosimensis and S. sakuracea) and three crustacean species (Rhynchocinetes uritai, La- treutes anoplonyx and Hyastenus diacanthus) were found to prey on polyps of the moon jellyfish, Aurelia aurita s.l., in Japanese coastal waters. In particular, C. unicum, P. japonica, H. crassicornis, R. uritai and H. diacanthus con- sumed more than 300 polyps per predator per day in the laboratory. These predators are common on natural rocky or pebbled seabeds, but are very scarce on various substrates in concrete-walled fishing ports, particularly on the under- surfaces of floating piers, where A. aurita polyps are attached in abundance. Transplanting natural predators to sub- strates with dense polyp colonies, just prior to their seasonal strobilation, is a possible countermeasure to prevent re- current medusa blooms.

Natural predators of polyps of Aurelia aurita s.l. (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa: Semaeostomeae) and their predation rates

Studies of strobilation of scyphozoan polyp populations in the field are essential for determination of the natural seasonal period of ephyra release and for predicting the size of medusa populations, but they have rarely been conducted. We set up experimental polyp colonies of 3 scyphozoans (Aurelia coerulea, Nemopilema nomurai, Rhopilema esculentum) on settling plates in Jiaozhou Bay, China, and monitored them at 2-7 d intervals for 8 mo (December 2012 to August 2013). Polyps of A. coerulea survived, even proliferating by budding during the entire period, while those of N. nomurai and R. esculentum experienced high mortality and died out after strobilation. Strobilation in all 3 species occurred from late winter to early summer, but the exact timing, duration, frequency, strobilation percentage, and disc numbers strobila(-1) differed by species. A. coerulea started strobilation earliest, on 25 February (temperature: 3.9 degrees C), and persisted for 105 d until 9 June (18.1 degrees C). N. nomurai strobilated from 28 March to 9 June (6.4-18.1 degrees C), with some performing a second, less conspicuous strobilation from 6 May to 9 June (12.0-18.1 degrees C). R. esculentum strobilated last, from 15 April to 8 July (9.0-21.5 degrees C). Greater polyp population resilience in A. coerulea over N. nomurai and R. esculentum can be attributed, at least in part, to persistent propagation by budding, which may facilitate the annually recurring medusa blooms of A. coerulea observed in the region. The latter 2 species may give rise to medusa blooms only when their vulnerable polyps have survived well. Due to the later strobilation, R. esculentum ephyrae may be susceptible to competition for food with and predation by post-ephyra stages of A. coerulea and N. nomurai.

Strobilation of three scyphozoans (Aurelia coelurea, Nemopilema nomurai, and Rhopilema esculentum) in the field at Jiaozhou Bay, China

We investigated the occurrence, growth, and horizontal distribution of the moon jelly, Aurelia aurita sensu lato, in Mikawa Bay from April 2007 to November 2008. In May and August 2007, dense populations of adults occurred in the bay mouth. After August, larger individuals with no planula larvae had involuted bells. In March 2008, adults were highly abundant in the western part of the bay. Small-sized moon jellies were observed from March to June, and dense swarms of adults and semi-adults shifted from the western part to the eastern part of the bay from spring to summer. In August 2008, very few adults were observed, and all were damaged or involuted without planula larvae. After August, no adults were observed. The estimated biomass of the Aurelia medusa in Mikawa Bay was much higher than that of the preceding reports. Therefore, the growth of the Aurelia medusae population in Mikawa Bay was comparable to previous observations. A life cycle model of Aurelia medusae that explains the spatio-temporal distribution of young and adult medusae and the appearance of sessile polyps in Mikawa Bay is discussed.

Horizontal distribution and growth of jellyfish, Aurelia aurita (Linnaeus 1758) sensu lato, in Mikawa Bay, Japan

We surveyed the distribution of colonies of polyps of Aurelia
 aurita sensu lato (s.l.) in Mikawa Bay, Japan. First, we surveyed the distribution of ephyrae of A. aurita s.l. at 75 stations encompassing the whole of Mikawa Bay in early 2008. A total of 37 ephyrae were sampled mostly from fishing ports. Ephyrae were most abundant around the islands located near the mouth of the bay, and decreased from the western part to the eastern part of Mikawa Bay. Next, we selected five fishing ports in Mikawa Bay where ephyrae occurred and surveyed the underside of floating piers and underwater overhangs of wharfs. We found dense colonies of polyps of A. aurita s.l. under nearly all of the floating piers at the two islands located near the mouth of the bay. Fitting a logistic regression model to the dataset showed that the percentage coverage of Aurelia polyps was significantly greater at the two islands compared with the other locations. In addition, the coverage of Aurelia polyps was greater when the coverage of other fouling organisms was in the range of 65–90%, and the coverage of Aurelia polyps was lower on floating piers with a vinyl surface and on concrete wharfs. The combined distribution of polyp colonies of A. aurita s.l. in Ise Bay and Mikawa Bay suggested that A. aurita s.l. in the two bays probably forms a single population and shoals of medusae mainly originate from protected harbors along the mouth-part of the bays.

Distribution of ephyrae and polyps of jellyfish Aurelia aurita (Linnaeus 1758) sensu lato in Mikawa Bay, Japan

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Horizontal distribution and growth of jellyfish, Aurelia aurita (Linnaeus 1758) sensu lato, in Mikawa Bay, Japan

Distribution of ephyrae and polyps of jellyfish Aurelia aurita (Linnaeus 1758) sensu lato in Mikawa Bay, Japan