The science and technology of ultracapacitors are reviewed for a number of electrode materials, including carbon, mixed metal oxides, and conducting polymers. More work has been done using microporous carbons than with the other materials and most of the commercially available devices use carbon electrodes and an organic electrolytes. The energy density of these devices is 3¯5 Wh/kg with a power density of 300¯500 W/kg for high efficiency (90¯95%) charge/discharges. Projections of future developments using carbon indicate that energy densities of 10 Wh/kg or higher are likely with power densities of 1¯2 kW/kg. A key problem in the fabrication of these advanced devices is the bonding of the thin electrodes to a current collector such the contact resistance is less than 0.1 cm2. Special attention is given in the paper to comparing the power density characteristics of ultracapacitors and batteries. The comparisons should be made at the same charge/discharge efficiency.

Ultracapacitors: Why, How, and Where is the Technology

Elements Of X Ray Diffraction

The long-standing popularity of thermoelectric materials has contributed to the creation of various thermoelectric devices and stimulated the development of strategies to improve their thermoelectric performance. In this review, we aim to comprehensively summarize the state-of-the-art strategies for the realization of high-performance thermoelectric materials and devices by establishing the links between synthesis, structural characteristics, properties, underlying chemistry and physics, including structural design (point defects, dislocations, interfaces, inclusions, and pores), multidimensional design (quantum dots/wires, nanoparticles, nanowires, nano- or microbelts, few-layered nanosheets, nano- or microplates, thin films, single crystals, and polycrystalline bulks), and advanced device design (thermoelectric modules, miniature generators and coolers, and flexible thermoelectric generators). The outline of each strategy starts with a concise presentation of their fundamentals and carefully selected examples. In the end, we point out the controversies, challenges, and outlooks toward the future development of thermoelectric materials and devices. Overall, this review will serve to help materials scientists, chemists, and physicists, particularly students and young researchers, in selecting suitable strategies for the improvement of thermoelectrics and potentially other relevant energy conversion technologies.

Advanced Thermoelectric Design: From Materials and Structures to Devices

Encountering development: the making and unmaking of the Third World

Leu-M

Preface

Arsenic remediation onto redox and photo-catalytic/electrocatalytic Mn-Al-Fe impregnated rGO: Sustainable aspects of sludge as supercapacitor

Atomically dispersed Ni/NixSy anchored on doped mesoporous networked carbon framework: Boosting the ORR performance in alkaline and acidic media

A new manufacturing method, i.e., rubber pressure molding (RPM) for processing of long fiber/fabric-reinforced polymer composites having complex geometry, is developed. Studies are conducted for performance evaluation of the newly proposed RPM using silicone, natural, polybutadiene, and styrene–butadiene rubbers. Polyester and epoxy resin are used with glass fiber fabric to manufacture the fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) products.

Newly Developed Rubber Pressure Molding Technique for Fabrication of Composites

Supercapacitors have gained crucial advantages among various energy storage devices such as batteries, capacitors, and fuel cells. The efficiency of supercapacitors depends on various aspects that depend on its components. These components include electrodes, electrolyte, current collectors, and separator. Electrode store charges, electrolyte provide necessary ions, current collector transfers the charge from the electrode to external circuit, and separator acts as a membrane, which prevents the device from short circuit. The choice of separator material plays a vital role in the design of a supercapacitor. Its main function is to separate cathode and anode electrode material in supercapacitors to prevent short circuit. It is mainly present in the form of a porous membrane in order to provide easy ion transfer. The common material used as separator includes glass fiber, cellulose, ceramic fibers, or polymeric film materials. This chapter mainly describes functions served and characteristics required for separators and its materials, respectively, which are chosen according to those functions. Finally, the selection of separator material is justified with the help of various material indices using Ashby’s chart.

Separator Material Selection for Supercapacitors

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