Multiple-Language-Responsive Conductive Hydrogel Composites for Flexible Strain and Epidermis Sensors

The pressing need for the development of diversified and non-toxic biomaterials in recent decades has led to the emergence of novel and valuable structural modifications in polysaccharides to broaden their spectrum of applications. Polysaccharides are macromolecules with multifaceted diverse structures and exhibit wide range of pharmacological and biological activities. Naturally occurring polysaccharides such as starch, chitosan, alginate, acetalated dextran and pectin could potentially negate major concerns associated with the selection of suitable polysaccharides without compromising their unique bioactive nature. Chemical modification of polysaccharides offers distinctive benefits such as improved biocompatibility, stability, solubility, and functionality making them more valuable for a variety of biomedical applications such as drug delivery, gene delivery, cell culture technology and tissue engineering. The present review is a compendium of relevant chemically modified polysaccharides and discusses their role in diverse fields of pharmacy and medicine. 

Diversity of Rationally Modified Polysaccharides for Pharmaceutical Applications

It is important to develop drug-release systems that reduce the side effects of chemotherapy drugs, can regulate drug release, and can be designed for a target to keep the quality of life of cancer patients high. In this study, a polyphenol compound rutin was used as a natural crosslinker to prepare poly(acrylic acid-co-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)/rutin (RTN hydrogel) as a drug carrier. The swelling behavior, thermal stability, in vitro biodegradability, and antioxidant activity of this hydrogel were determined. The prepared hydrogel had in vitro biodegradability and antioxidant properties. The maximum doxorubicin (DOX) amount adsorbed by the RTN hydrogel was 32.96 ± 1.83 mg/g. The DOX-loaded RTN hydrogel displayed drug release behavior in normal and cancer cell media. At the same time, the effect of the DOX-loaded hydrogel on triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell lines was investigated. Our results show that the RTN hydrogel, prepared using the natural product of rutin as a crosslinker with in vitro biodegradability and antioxidant properties, offers great promise as a high-impact carrier in the drug distribution system. 

Preparation of antioxidant-biodegradable poly(acrylic acid-co-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) hydrogel using rutin as a crosslinker: Drug release and anticancer activity

Biopolymer-based hydrogels for biomedical applications: Bioactivity and wound healing properties

Hydrogels are a group of crosslinked polymeric materials whose hydrophilic structure enables them to retain large amounts of water or biological materials in their three-dimensional networks. In addition, their viscoelastic structure has led to the widespread use of these products in the fields of industry, tissue engineering, agriculture, and environmental areas. As expected, with the advancement of technology and the importance of environmental and economic issues, natural hydrogels are based on synthetic polymers due to their higher swelling rate, long degradability, and a wide variety of safe or low-risk raw materials. As a result, sustainable hydrogels based on natural polymers as a biodegradable and inexpensive product are an important issue to be discussed. In this chapter of the book, besides introducing hydrogels and classifying polymers, all methods of sustainable production of hydrogels have been presented to try to help the readers by providing schematic and realistic images of the synthesis process as product samples. 

Sustainable production of hydrogels

Design of ciprofloxacin impregnated dietary fiber psyllium-moringa gum-alginate network hydrogels via green approach for use in gastro-retentive drug delivery system

This article deals with the exploration of the design of network crosslinked structure by covalent bonding for use as wound dressing materials keeping in view inherent therapeutic role of neem gum in wound healing. These copolymeric hydrogels were prepared by graft-copolymerization reaction of carbopol and poly (N-vinylpyrrolidone) (poly (NVP). Antibiotic drug levofloxacin was encapsulated in dressings for better wound healing. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential thermal gravimetry (DTG), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) techniques were applied for characterization. NMR and FTIR demonstrated incorporation of carbapol and poly (NVP) in dressings. XRD indicated amorphous state in copolymeric dressings. Interactions of copolymers with drug, blood and bio membrane were studied to evaluate biomedical properties which revealed controlled release of drug from hydrogel dressings which were possessing blood-compatible (haemolytic value = 2.45 ± 0.82) and mucoadhesive (detachment force = 124 ± 41 mN) properties. Dressings were permeable to O2 and H2O vapour and absorbed 6.68 ± 0.62 g/g wound fluid which is ideal dressing characteristic. Diffusion mechanism type of drug levofloxacin was Fickian with kinetic model First order. These properties suggested use of hydrogel material for wound dressing and drug delivery applications for better wound care management. 

Design of polysaccharide gum based network copolymeric hydrogels for drug delivery and wound dressing applications

It is an exploration of the inherent wound-healing tendency of Azadirachta indica gum (AIG) or neem gum polysaccharides to develop the hydrogel wound dressings with enhanced potential during wound management. Herein this research work, antibiotic moxifloxacin encapsulated AIG network copolymeric hydrogels were developed by functionalizing with carbapol and poly(acrylamide) [poly(AAm)] for better wound healing. The polymer-drug, polymer-blood, and polymer-bio membrane interactions were evaluated in biomedical properties. The copolymeric network structure was confirmed by scanning electron micrographs (SEMs), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and 13C solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The results confirmed sustained release of the moxifloxacin with diffusion by non-Fickian process and Korsmeyer–Peppas kinetic model in the phosphate buffer saline (PBS). These interactions inferred the blood-compatible (hemolytic index 3.41 ± 0.70%) and mucoadhesive nature (polymer-biomembrane detachment force 0.09 ± 0.01 mN) of hydrogel dressing. The per gram of hydrogel dressings absorbed 10.22 ± 0.23 g of simulated wound fluid which is very useful to maintain moist wound environment for better wound healing. All these interactions and properties indicated the suitability of the hydrogel material for wound dressing applications for better wound care. 

Design of moxifloxacin encapsulated network hydrogel wound dressings: Evaluation of polymer‐drug, polymer‐blood, and polymer‐bio membrane interactions

Neem gum is a bioactive polysaccharide that has various therapeutic applications. Herein, it was explored in designing network structure in the form of hydrogel wound dressings (WD) by covalent and supramolecular interactions. These hydrogel dressings were encapsulated with the antibiotic drug cefuroxime for better wound healing. SEM and AFM showed surface heterogeneity with a rough surface of the hydrogel network. 13C-NMR and FTIR demonstrated incorporation of carbopol and poly (vinylsulphonic) (VSA) in dressings. XRD and TGA indicated the amorphous state of copolymers with improved thermal properties. Interactions of copolymers with drug, blood, and bio-membrane have revealed sustained drug release, blood-compatible and mucoadhesive nature of hydrogel dressings which have capacity to absorb 8.50 ± 0.18 g/g of simulated fluid. Dressings were O2 and H2O vapour permeable. The diffusion mechanism of the antibiotic drug cefuroxime was found Fickian-type with first- order kinetic model. Antibacterial character of polymeric hydrogels was found against microbes during the antimicrobial test. These properties advocated these hydrogels as materials for WD and drug delivery (DD). 

Exploring neem gum in designing hydrogel dressings by covalent and supra-molecular interactions for better wound healing

Impregnating graphene oxide into polyvinylsulphonic acid–sterculia gum hydrogels to modulate antibiotic drug vancomycin interactions for controlled drug delivery applications

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