Environmental stressors such as high temperature and intense light have been shown to have negative effects on plant growth and productivity. To survive in such conditions, plants activate several stress response mechanisms. The synergistic effect of high-temperature and intense light stress has a significant impact on ginger, leading to reduced ginger production. Nevertheless, how ginger responds to this type of stress is not yet fully understood. In this study, we examined the phenotypic changes, malonaldehyde (MDA) content, and the response of four vital enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), lipoxygenase (LOX), and nitrate reductase (NR)) in ginger plants subjected to high-temperature and intense light stress. The findings of this study indicate that ginger is vulnerable to high temperature and intense light stress. This is evident from the noticeable curling, yellowing, and wilting of ginger leaves, as well as a decrease in chlorophyll index and an increase in MDA content. Our investigation confirms that ginger plants activate multiple stress response pathways, including the SOD and CAT antioxidant defenses, and adjust their response over time by switching to different pathways. Additionally, we observe that the expression levels of genes involved in different stress response pathways, such as SOD, CAT, LOX, and NR, are differently regulated under stress conditions. These findings offer avenues to explore the stress mechanisms of ginger in response to high temperature and intense light. They also provide interesting information for the choice of genetic material to use in breeding programs for obtaining ginger genotypes capable of withstanding high temperatures and intense light stress. 

Influence of High-Temperature and Intense Light on the Enzymatic Antioxidant System in Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) Plantlets

Three peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor paralogues (PPARα, -β and -γ) are currently recognized in vertebrate genomes. PPARγ is known to modulate nutrition, adipogenesis and immunity in vertebrates. Natural ligands of PPARγ have been proposed; however, the receptor also binds synthetic ligands such as endocrine disruptors. Two paralogues of PPARα and PPARβ have been documented in teleost species, a consequence of the 3R WGD. Recently, two PPARγ paralogue genes were also identified in Astyanax mexicanus. We aimed to determine whether the presence of two PPARγ paralogues is prevalent in other teleost genomes, through genomic and phylogenetic analysis. Our results showed that besides Characiformes, two PPARγ paralogous genes were also identified in other teleost taxa, coinciding with the teleost-specific, whole-genome duplication and with the retention of both genes prior to the separation of the Clupeocephala. To functionally characterize these genes, we used the European sardine (Sardina pilchardus) as a model. PPARγA and PPARγB display a different tissue distribution, despite the similarity of their functional profiles: they are unresponsive to tested fatty acids and other human PPARγ ligands yet yield a transcriptional response in the presence of tributyltin (TBT). This observation puts forward the relevance of comparative analysis to decipher alternative binding architectures and broadens the disruptive potential of man-made chemicals for aquatic species.

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/13/1/107/pdf?version=1641282183

The Preservation of PPARγ Genome Duplicates in Some Teleost Lineages: Insights into Lipid Metabolism and Xenobiotic Exploitation

An alien metabolite vs. a synthetic chemical hazard: An ecotoxicological comparison in the Mediterranean blue mussel.

Effects of Light Intensity on Morphological Structure and Physiological Characteristics of Gleditsia sinensis Seedlings

Peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs) exert their roles in lipid metabolism and adaptive immunity by transactivating carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1). However, it remains unclear whether the PPAR-CPT1 signaling pathway exists in mollusks that only carry out innate immunity. This study cloned and characterized PPAR and CPT1 genes from Hyriopsis cumingii for the first time, designated as HcPPARs and HcCPT1s, respectively. The bioinformatics analysis revealed conservative molecular characteristics of these genes across species. Real-time quantitative PCR results indicated that higher expression levels of HcPPARs and HcCPT1s in the blood, mantle, and intestine suggested their potential involvement in lipid metabolism and innate immunity of mollusks. Treatments with agonists and inhibitors demonstrated a correlation in the expression of HcPPARs and HcCPT1s. Dual luciferase reporter assay identified regions with high transcriptional activities on promoters of HcCPT1s and potential binding sites for HcPPARs through prediction and mutation sites. These results suggested that the PPAR-CPT1 signaling might exist in H. cumingii. This research provides a necessary foundation for exploring the role of the PPAR-CPT1 signaling in innate immunity, and offers new theoretical evidence for the molecular regulatory mechanism of mollusks and the treatment of metabolic disorders and inflammatory diseases. 

Molecular characterization and transcriptional regulation between PPAR and CPT1 in freshwater bivalve Hyriopsis cumingii

Synergistic effects of temperature and light intensity on growth and physiological performance in Chaetoceros calcitrans

To reveal the biosynthetic pathway of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) in Ruditapes philippinarum, herein, two fatty acid desaturases (Fads, including one Δ5 Fad and one Δ6 Fad-like) and three elongases of very long-chain fatty acids (Elovls, including one Elovl2/5 and two Elovl4-like) genes were firstly cloned from this bivalve and their tissue distributions were examined. Results showed that the newly cloned Fads and Elovls contained the corresponding conserved functional domains and clustered closely with their orthologs, respectively. Meanwhile, they were expressed significantly higher in the digestive glands and intestine. Subsequently, to further understand the LC-PUFA biosynthesis in R. philippinarum, the effects of dietary LC-PUFA on Fad and Elovl expressions and the fatty acid (FA) profile in this bivalve were investigated by feeding with three microalgae varied in LC-PUFA compositions [including Chlorella sp. (rich in 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3), Chaetoceros calcitrans (rich in eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA), and Isochrysis galbana (rich in docosahexaenoic acid, DHA]. Results showed that, throughout the experiment, the expressions of Fad and Elovl were significantly up-regulated in the visceral mass (digestive glands and intestine) of R. philippinarum fed with Chlorella sp., while no significant changes or slightly decreases were observed in those fed with I. galbana. Furthermore, in those fed with C. calcitrans, the expressions of Fad were not significantly changed, whereas the expressions of Elovl were firstly up-regulated but then restored to its initial level at the end of experiment. These results suggested that R. philippinarum could modulate Fad and Elovl expressions to adapt to the dietary LC-PUFA composition. The FA analysis showed that a significantly higher amount of DHA and EPA was found in the R. philippinarum fed with I. galbana and C. calcitrans, respectively, which reflected well of the dietary FA. However, the R. philippinarum fed with Chlorella sp. exhibited a significant decrease of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 but with a significant increase of their products such as 20:3n-6 and 22:5n-3, indicating that R. philippinarum had a certain capacity for LC-PUFA biosynthesis. Collectively, this study provided valuable insights into the biosynthesis of LC-PUFA in R. philippinarum.

/pdf/biosynthesis-of-lc-pufa-in-ruditapes-philippinarum-cloning-19yp5pf9.pdf

Biosynthesis of LC-PUFA in Ruditapes philippinarum: Cloning and tissue distribution of Fad and Elovl, and effects of microalgae diets varied in LC-PUFA composition on their expressions and fatty acids profile of this bivalve

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11802-021-4784-2.pdf

Identification and Expression of PPAR in Sinonovacula constricta and Their Potential Regulatory Effects on Δ6 Fad Transcription

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Synergistic effects of temperature and light intensity on growth and physiological performance in Chaetoceros calcitrans

Biosynthesis of LC-PUFA in Ruditapes philippinarum: Cloning and tissue distribution of Fad and Elovl, and effects of microalgae diets varied in LC-PUFA composition on their expressions and fatty acids profile of this bivalve

Identification and Expression of PPAR in Sinonovacula constricta and Their Potential Regulatory Effects on Δ6 Fad Transcription