The study presents the sizing of a hybrid renewable islanded system that can feed both electrical and thermal energy simultaneously. The aforementioned energies are generated through the utilization of wind systems and bio-waste units. The integration of combined heat and power technology in the bio-waste unit enables the concurrent generation of electricity and heat power. Electric vehicles consume electric energy, but function based on a smart charging. The study employs compressed air energy storage as a means to bridge the disparity between the patterns of electric power generation and consumption, with the aim of enhancing energy efficiency and reducing planning expenses. Thermal energy storage serves as an intermediary between renewable power and load profiles within the thermal sector. Objective here is find the minimum annual capital and maintenance costs of sources, storages, and power electronic converters. Problem is constrained to operational model of renewable sources, storages, and electric vehicles. The present model prioritizes the utilization of renewable sources for the purpose of supplying electrical and thermal loads. Electric vehicles regulate their active power to minimize the disparity between load and electric production profiles. Storages perform charging and discharging functions to bridge the disparity between power generation and consumption. Strategy incorporates uncertainty related to load, wind speed, bio-waste-derived gas production, and electric vehicles parameters. The study employs a point estimate method to attain a dependable solution. The numerical results indicate that incorporation of compressed air storage in the hybrid system results in a decrease of 7.7 % (12.9 %) in the planning costs relative to system with batteries (hydrogen storage). The proposed design's concurrent provision of electrical and thermal energy leads to an approximately 57 % increasing in planning costs when compared to a system that solely provides electrical energy. The implementation of a smart charging strategy for electric vehicles drop the hybrid system's overall scheduling cost by 3.9 %. 

Capabilities of compressed air energy storage in the economic design of renewable off-grid system to supply electricity and heat costumers and smart charging-based electric vehicles

Techno-economic investigation of a hybrid biomass renewable energy system to achieve the goals of SDG-17 in deprived areas of Iran

Research into the off-grid hybrid energy system to provide reliable electricity to a remote community has extensively been done. However, simultaneous meeting electric, freshwater, and gas demands from the off-grid hybrid energy sources are very scarce in literature. Power- to-X (PtX) is gaining attention in recent days in the energy transition scenarios to generate green hydrogen, the primary product of the process as an energy carrier, which is deemed to replace conventional fuels to reach absolute carbon neutrality. In this study, renewable–based hybrid energy is developed to simultaneously meet the electricity, freshwater, and gas (cooking gas via methanation process) demands for a remote Island in Bangladesh. In this process, an energy management strategy has been developed to use the excess energy to generate both freshwater and the hydrogen, where hydrogen is then converted to natural gas via methanation process. The PV, wind turbine, diesel generator, battery, and fuel cell have been optimized using non-dominating sorting algorithm-II (NSGA-II) to offer reliable, cost-effective solutions of electricity, freshwater, and cooking gas for the end users. Results reported that the PV/WT/DG/Batt configuration has been found the most economic configuration with the lowest COE (0.1724 $/kWh) which is 9 % lower than PV/WT/Batt configuration which has the second lowest COE. The cost of water (COW) and cost of gas (COG) of the PV/WT/DG/Batt system are also the lowest among all the four configurations and have been found 1.185 $/m3 and 3.978 $/m3, respectively. 

Energy management and sizing of a stand-alone hybrid renewable energy system for community electricity, fresh water, and cooking gas demands of a remote island

This paper aims to broaden the concept of Net Zero Energy Building (NZEB), assessing its suitability to the emerging grid-based energy sharing models. The energy exchange between two buildings with shifted load schedules, namely, a new residential NZEB (prosumer) and an existing school building (consumer), is analysed to investigate energy sharing dynamics. The buildings are in Southern Italy, a region with high solar radiation. The model of the existing school building is calibrated on measured data and the study is performed by dynamic energy simulation. Three energy sharing scenarios based on the design of a photovoltaic system installed on the roof of the NZEB have been investigated, i.e., PV system peak power designed: to satisfy the NZEB target on annual basis; to satisfy the NZEB target on monthly basis; to fully exploit the available roof area of the NZEB. Considering annual and monthly net energy balances, oversizing the NZEB PV system leads to the compensation of a high share of school building non-renewable energy consumption. However, self-consumption analysis performed on hourly basis shows that increasing the PV system size negatively affects the self-consumption rate of the renewable energy community, and the presence of the school building only mitigates this effect. 

From net zero energy buildings to an energy sharing model - The role of NZEBs in renewable energy communities

The growing diversity in energy demand has led to an increasingly intertwined relationship between the electric power system (EPS) and hydrogen energy system (HES). However, these systems are presently managed by entities with distinct interests, resulting in competition and privacy concerns during the scheduling of integrated electricity and hydrogen systems (IEHSs). To address this issue, this paper proposes a multi-objective IEHS scheduling model with the aim of minimizing costs for electricity and hydrogen suppliers, taking into account bi-directional energy transactions between EPS and HES. Furthermore, we present an innovative approach based on alternating direction multiplier method (ADMM) for distributed ξ-constraint optimization. This approach efficiently captures the optimal Pareto frontier while maintaining the privacy of EPS and HES. The proposed methodology is validated on an IEHS composed of an IEEE 33-bus EPS and a 20-node HES. The results demonstrate that no matter how many solution sets, a more uniform pareto front can be obtained than the traditional method. Furthermore, it simplifies the multi-objective optimization problem and effectively protects the privacy of participants at the expense of acceptable solution time. 

A distributed multi-objective optimization method for scheduling of integrated electricity and hydrogen systems

Excess electricity problem in off-grid hybrid renewable energy systems: A comprehensive review from challenges to prevalent solutions

Heat generated by lithium-iron phosphate batteries often causes safety hazards during the operation and maintenance of energy storage power stations. Analyzing the heating up process of energy storage lithium-ion batteries under different operating conditions helps reduce the heat generated. In this work, a method to couple the electrochemical and the thermal models by compressing and reducing the dimensionality is put forward. Then the coupled model is analyzed with the temperature imbalance characteristics of the battery surface retained. Changes in the surface temperature and temperature distribution of the battery in a single charge-discharge cycle are investigated through experiments. Results prove that the established model accurately simulates heat generation states and temperature changing trends of the energy storage battery during the charge-discharge process. The findings of this work provide approaches to improve the safety of electrochemical energy storage power stations and insights into subsequent explorations of energy storage battery modules.

An Electrochemical-Thermal Coupled Model to Simulate the Heat Generation of Lithium-ion Phosphate Batteries

With the large-scale application of microgrid technology in the power system, a large number of single microgrid independent operation mode is not conducive to improving the economic benefits of microgrid, but will also harm the safe operation of the power system. Therefore, in this paper, a coalition-game-theory-based local energy transaction strategy is developed to solve the above problems. Firstly, the traditional model of microgrid in grid-connected mode and the coalitional transaction model are analyzed and established. Moreover, a typical matching method and the Shapley value are applied to calculate and allocate the utility of each valid coalition. And the optimal partition in the network is found by using coalition merge and split operations, a coalition-game-theory-based local energy transaction algorithm is proposed. Compared with the traditional operation mode, the simulation results show that the power transaction scheduling algorithm can effectively promote the cooperative transaction between microgrid, reduce the energy transmission loss, improve the individual utility of microgrid, and help maintain the coalition stability.

A Local Energy Transaction Strategy for Networked Microgrids Under Coalitional Game Theory

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Papers

Excess electricity problem in off-grid hybrid renewable energy systems: A comprehensive review from challenges to prevalent solutions

An Electrochemical-Thermal Coupled Model to Simulate the Heat Generation of Lithium-ion Phosphate Batteries

A Local Energy Transaction Strategy for Networked Microgrids Under Coalitional Game Theory