Evaluation of resource and energy utilization, environmental and economic benefits of rice water-saving irrigation technologies in a rice-wheat rotation system.

Leaves have developed various functional structures to enhance plant survival, making them the most typical bionic prototypes. Bionic research inspired by plant leaves has yielded numerous research results, a wide range of applications, and excellent problem-solving abilities, surpassing other bionic prototypes. Plant leaves are of great importance in bionics, and are currently experiencing an increasing level of recognition. However, a comprehensive review of advanced structures and functional materials inspired by plant leaf structures is still lacking. Therefore, we present this systematic and multidisciplinary review of plant leaf-based bionic design, based on our research findings and background, and in conjunction with existing literature. Our review categorizes existing bionic studies according to the functional features of plant leaves, encompassing photosynthesis, stress resistance, and auxiliary functions. It is the first attempt to systematically collate and analyze the vast and seemingly disorganized literature on plant leaf-based bionic research. Our analysis, summary, and outlook aim to provide researchers with a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of the current state of plant leaf-based bionic design research. Furthermore, this review can inspire researchers and offer innovative ideas to solve relevant scientific and engineering problems. 

Bionic Structures and Materials Inspired by Plant Leaves: A Comprehensive Review for Innovative Problem-Solving

This paper establishes a 3-dimensional mathematical model to investigate the relationship between transpiration rate and environmental factors via a finite element and controlled variable method. The results show that an increase in photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), ambient temperature and air velocity promote transpiration, and an increase in relative humidity (RH) leads to a decrease in the transpiration rate. However, the transpiration rate decreases with increasing relative humidity. The reason for this phenomenon is that the vapour pressure deficit (VPD), the diffusion resistance of vapour through the boundary layer, and leaf stomatal conductance are strongly affected by these environmental factors. Stomatal conductance controls the diffusion of water vapour from the mesophyll interstitial spaces to the stomatal surface. The boundary layer resistance and VPD control the diffusion of water vapour from the pore surface to the environment. When the boundary layer resistance does not change, VPD determines the transpiration rate of the leaf. In contrast, the transpiration rate of the leaf is synergistically affected by the VPD, boundary layer resistance and stomatal conductance (gs). Due to the influence of the transpiration rate and energy exchange, the leaf temperature increases with increasing PAR, RH and ambient temperature and decreases with increasing air velocity. This research can provide some guidance for agricultural production and the development of bionic materials with thermal infrared properties similar to those of natural leaves.

Influencing factors for transpiration rate: A numerical simulation of an individual leaf system

Green Plant Leaf-inspired Smart Camouflage Fabrics for Visible Light and Near-infrared Stealth

This paper shares some new information on the ambient temperature profile and the heat stress occurrences directly underneath ground-mounted Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Arrays (monocrystalline-based) focusing on different temperature levels. A common ground for this work lies on the fact that 10C increase of PV cell temperature results in reduction of 0.5% energy conversion efficiency thus any means of natural cooling mechanism would gain much benefit especially to the Solar Farm operators. Transpiration process plays an important role in the cooling of green plants where in average it could dissipate around 32.9% of the total solar energy absorbed by the leaf making it a good natural cooling mechanism. This condition is relatively applied for herbs specifically for this project, Orthosiphon Stamineus or generally known as Java Tea are used as the high value crops. The thermal process via convective heat and mass exchange of leaves with the environment is relevant for a better understanding of plant physiological processes in response to environmental conversion factors for a wide range of applications. An important fact for plant heat stress with respect to the Ambient temperature is that the range lies between 100C to 150C above the surrounding value. This heat stress condition is relatively important and should be modelled in crops-energy integration. Agrivoltaic concept is a system that combines commercial agriculture and photovoltaic electricity generation in the same space. The concept is in line with the Kyoto Protocol and the United Nation Sustainable Development Goals (UN-SDG) which highlights the clean energy and sustainable urban living. The integration of agrivoltaic systems would optimize the yield, improving clean system efficiency and solving the issue of land resource sustainability. The Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 29 July 2020 doi:10.20944/preprints202007.0694.v1 © 2020 by the author(s). Distributed under a Creative Commons CC BY license.

https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202007.0694/v1/download

Modeling of Stochastic Temperature and Heat Stress directly underneath Agrivoltaic conditions with Orthosiphon Stamineus Crops Cultivation

Solar spectrum reflection characteristics of natural leaves are caused by the absorption and scattering processes of incident radiation in the leaves. To realize hyperspectral camouflage in the background of vegetation, two types of biomimetic materials are prepared. One type utilizes Cr2O3 particles to simultaneously simulate the absorption characteristics in the visible light band and the scattering characteristics in the solar spectrum band and is named as COG-BM. The other type contains chlorophyll and TiO2 particles to simulate the absorption and scattering characteristics in the above two bands, respectively, and is named as CH/TD-BM. The measured results show that both can simulate the solar spectrum reflection characteristics of the leaves approximately. In order to optimize the bionic performance, the reflectance predicting model was constructed with Lorenz–Mie scattering and four-flux theories. The simulation results show that with the increase in particle volume fraction, the reflectance of COG-BM in the visible light band is maintained at almost the same level as that of the leaves because of the simultaneous increase in absorption and scattering coefficients. Nevertheless, the reflectance of CH/TD-BM increases significantly, because the absorption coefficient of CH/TD-BM is constant with the increase in the particle volume fraction, and the scattering coefficient enhances remarkably. More interestingly, with the increase in particle size, the near-infrared plateau of COG-BM and CH/TD-BM is closer to horizontal, exhibiting greater similarity to the natural leaves. Moreover, the water absorption characteristics at 1450 and 1940 nm become more significant with the increase in water content.

Preparation and optimization of biomimetic materials simulating solar spectrum reflection characteristics of natural leaves

A naturally optimized mass transfer process: The stomatal transpiration of plant leaves.

Because vegetation is one of the typical backgrounds on land, it is necessary to investigate the transpiration characteristics and heat dissipation processes of the leaves grown in different natural environments to optimize the thermal infrared camouflage performance of the bionic materials for countering the thermal infrared detection. Considering ambient temperature and relative air humidity as the dominant environmental factors, daily transpiration rates of various kinds of leaves grown in Wuxi (summer and winter, moderate relative air humidity) and Xishuangbanna (summer, high relative air humidity) were measured respectively, and a thermophysical model was established to investigate the heat dissipation processes of the leaves. Results show that the average daily transpiration rates of the leaves are 1.42, 0.42 and 0.92 kg/m2∙day in Wuxi summer, Wuxi winter and Xishuangbanna summer respectively, indicating that the daily transpiration rates vary significantly with different environments. In Wuxi summer and winter, the daily transpirative heat flow accounts for approximately 55.8% and 24.3% of the total heat dissipation of the Cinnamomum camphora leaves respectively, revealing the significant effect of the transpirative heat transfer on the temperature of the leaves grown in the environment of high ambient temperature and the weakened effect in the environment of low ambient temperature. In Xishuangbanna summer, the daily transpirative heat flow accounts for approximately 37.3% of the total heat dissipation of the Ailanthus leaf, which is significantly lower than that in Wuxi summer, indicating that relative air humidity also dominates the effect of transpirative heat transfer on the temperature of the leaves.

The transpiration characteristics and heat dissipation analysis of natural leaves grown in different climatic environments

Heat and mass transfer characteristics of bionic material simulating the thermal effect of natural leaf transpiration

Biomimetic Material Simulating Solar Spectrum Reflection Characteristics of Yellow Leaf

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