Improvement of the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) positively impacts on the growth and development of plants as well as the crop productivity. In this study, we investigated the characterization on N uptake, N remobilization, and agronomic traits of winter wheat under N input treatments combined by deficit irrigation. Under the sufficient-N treatment (N240), the accumulative N amounts and internal N remobilization rates in plants of the tested cultivars (Jimai 585 and Shimai 22) were elevated relative to those under the deficient-N treatment (N120), together with improvement on plant biomass and the grain yields. Compared with Jimai 585, a control cultivar to be acclimation to affluent irrigation condition, the drought tolerant cultivar Shimai 22 enhanced the accumulative N amount, N harvest index (NHI), NUE, and agronomic traits under both N input treatments, especially under N120. In addition, Shimai 22 also displayed higher activities of nitrate reductase (NR), nitrite reductase (NIR), and glutamine synthetase (GS) than Jimai 585 under the both N level conditions. The soil N contents (NC) in 2 m profile were elevated whereas the soil moisture contents were lowered in plots planted by the wheat cultivars during late stages under N240 with respect to those under N120. Moreover, reduced soil moisture and N contents in 2 m soil profile were found in the plots grown by Shimai 22 with respect to those by Jimai 585 under N120, suggesting that Shimai 22 improved the N uptake, N remobilization, and the agronomic traits under low N input treatment to be associated with the enhanced N assimilation-related enzymatic activities and the elevated capacity for usage of the soil N storage. Therefore, it is feasible to cultivate winter wheat under the water- and N saving conditions by using the drought tolerant cultivars due to their high NUE and effective usage for the soil nutrient storage.

/pdf/the-effects-of-n-input-level-on-n-uptake-n-remobilization-5gu26lohow.pdf

The effects of n input level on n uptake, n remobilization and agronomic traits under deficit irrigation condition in winter wheat

Sowing density is one of the management techniques that most influence wheat crops. This management practice may affect the plant productive behavior, leading to changes in tillers growth, and also interferes with the plant architecture by influencing solar radiation uptake by the plant canopy, the production components and grain yield. This work aimed to assess the agronomic performance of two wheat cultivars (low tillering and high tillering) under influence of four sowing densities. The experiment was conducted in field conditions from July to November 2017. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks with split-plots and five replicates. The factors consisted of two wheat cultivars in main plot (TBIO Sossego and TBIO Toruk), subjected to four different sowing densities as sub-plots (208; 312; 416 and 500 viable seeds m-2). Morphological  characteristics, relative chlorophyll content, NDVI, production components and grain yield were evaluated. Among the assessed traits, only the stem diameter was affected by sowing density. The highest plant height, peduncle length and flag leaf length were found in cultivar Sossego, whereas the largest stem diameter was observed in cultivar Toruk. Relative chlorophyll content and NDVI were higher in cultivar Sossego. The agronomic performance of the cultivar Sossego was higher and exceeded the grain yield of Toruk at 673 kg ha-1. Suboptimal sowing densities promote a decrease in the productive performance of wheat and under conditions of rainfall limitation and genetic potential of reduced tillering while sowing densities above the recommended ones are more efficient.

/pdf/agronomic-performance-of-wheat-cultivars-under-different-3fpz8j9dyh.pdf

Agronomic Performance of Wheat Cultivars under Different Sowing Densities in Southern Brazil

Water shortage is a serious threat to agriculture production in the North China Plain. Sustainable management practices can improve the water use efficiency of winter wheat, but currently no academic consensus has been reached. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis that included 2194 observations from 209 articles to assess the water use efficiency of wheat in this area. The groundwater provides for 34%–37% of wheat evapotranspiration, which increases the decline of groundwater levels. The management of wheat irrigation appears to be the key process in improving agricultural water use efficiency. We observed from regression analyses that the factors such as climate, soil, and management significantly affect the water use efficiency of wheat (p < 0.05). The data showed that nitrogen input and irrigation significantly increased wheat yields (p < 0.05), but irrigation did not significantly improve the water use efficiency compared to rain-fed wheat. The optimal water use efficiency was obtained when the irrigation amount was 80–160 mm, or irrigation was applied twice, or the seasonal irrigation amount plus precipitation was ≤ 240 mm. In contrast, a nitrogen input significantly increased evapotranspiration and water use efficiency. The water use efficiency improvement was especially prominent when the nitrogen application rate was 220–250 kg·ha−1. Moreover, subsoiling and straw return should be recommended for increasing yield, reducing evapotranspiration, and improving water use efficiency. These practices can ultimately save over 240 mm of water and 75 kg·ha−1 of nitrogen, which contributes to a sustainable agricultural development. Here, we demonstrate for the first time the impact of management practices on crop water use efficiency at a regional scale and propose a sustainable agricultural development scheme. 

/pdf/sustainable-management-practices-to-improve-the-water-use-2o1w0l1t.pdf

Sustainable management practices to improve the water use efficiency of winter wheat in the North China Plain: a meta-analysis

Improvement on water use efficiency of the plants contributes to the sustainable crop production worldwide. In this study, we reported the physiological and growth traits at late stage, transcriptome profiling during seed filling period, and the function of TaMPK16 (encoding mitogen-activated protein kinase 16), a drought-inducible gene in wheat plants, in mediating drought adaptation of plants upon water deprivation. Compared with those grown under normal condition, the plants underlying deficit irrigation displayed increased proline and soluble sugar contents whereas lowered plant biomass and grain yields in tested cultivars. Shimai 22, a drought-tolerant cultivar, exhibited improved osmolytes and improved agronomic traits under DI relative to Jimai 585, an affluent water-acclimated cultivar. A total of 1712 genes were differentially expressed (DE) in leaves of Shimai 22 under water deprivation condition; they were categorized into the functional groups of biological process, cellular components, and molecular function and concentrated into the GO terms of metabolic process, metal ion binding, oxidation–reduction process, and catalytic activity, involving major biochemical metabolisms of glyoxylate and dicarboxylate, pyruvate, starch and sucrose, and amino and nucleotide sugars. Transgene analysis on TaMAPK16, a significantly upregulated DE gene, confirmed its role in mediating plant drought tolerance; the lines with TaMAPK16 overexpression conferred plants enhanced biomass, osmolytes biosynthesis, antioxidant enzyme activities, and photosynthetic function. These results suggested that plant water-deficit response during seed filling stage is associated with drastically modified transcription of huge genes that are involved in diverse physiological processes. TaMPK16 can be acted as a valuable target for breeding drought-tolerant varieties of T. aestivum. Quantities of differentially expressed genes categorized into diverse functional groups contribute
plant growth and agronomic traits in wheat plants upon water deprivation, via modulation of
various physiological and biochemical processes associated with plant water deficit adaptation.

Characterization on the water deprivation-associated physiological traits as well as the related differential genes during seed filling stage in wheat (T. aestivum L.)

Adoption of water-saving cultivation strategy for cereal crops benefits development of the sustainable agriculture worldwide. In this study, the effects of water supply on agronomic traits, ABA contents, drought response-associated physiological parameters, and expression patterns of the ABA receptor family genes during late stage were investigated. Under normal irrigation condition (NI, with irrigations performed prior to seed sowing, and at stages of jointing and flowering), the wheat cultivars, namely, the drought tolerant Cangmai 14 and the sensitive Jimai 325, displayed comparable agronomic traits (i.e. yields, yield components, and water use efficiencies), ABA contents, and the physiological traits associated with drought stress (i.e., proline and soluble sugar contents, and photosynthetic parameters). Under deficit irrigation (DI, without irrigation at flowering stage compared with NI), Cangmai 14 was much better on the agronomic traits, ABA contents, and the drought response-associated traits at late stage than Jimai 325. These results suggested that the improvement of drought response-associated traits contributed to the enhanced yield formation capacity of the drought-tolerant cultivars. Expression analysis on ABA receptor genes (i.e., PYL family ones) involving ABA signal perception indicated that TaPYL3, TaPYL5 and TaPYL8, three of the PYL family members, modified expression in the tested cultivars upon modified water supply copnditions, with more transcripts detected under DI than NI. Moreover, the expression levels of these genes were all shown to be higher in Cangmai 14 under DI than in Jimai 325. Transgene analysis on TaPYL3 validated that this gene exerted positive roles in modulating biomass production and photosynthetic function of plants under drought treatment. These results suggested the essential function of the ABA signaling genes in modulating plant drought response, whose enhanced transcription efficiencies positively impact on the drought response-associated physiological process, biomass production, and the yield formation capacity of wheat plants treated with DI through possibly an ABA-dependent pathway.

Characterization of Yields, Osmotic Stress-associated Traits, and Expression Patterns of ABA Receptor Genes in Winter Wheat Under Deficit Irrigation

The drastically reduced underground water and shortage of the water resource have caused limitation for the winter wheat (T. aestivum) production in North China Plain. In this study, using a drought-tolerant wheat cultivar Shimai 18 as material, we investigated the yield formation capacity, soil water consumption property, and the plant water use efficiency (WUE) of wheat under various irrigation treatments. Our results indicated that the yield capacities of wheat varied largely across irrigation treatments in three growth seasons with contrasting precipitation patterns. The wheat yields showed constant in growth season with more rainfall and lowered to some extent in seasons with regular or less rainfall under I1 (water-saving condition with one time of irrigation) compared with I3 (regular irrigation with three times of irrigation). Along with increase of the irrigation times, plant WUE lowered drastically in all of three growth seasons examined, together with significantly increased evapotranspiration (ET) amount and relative constant of soil water deposits. These results suggested that the water-saving management is feasible in the winter wheat production in North China Plain. Additionally, the plant leaf area index (LAI), dry matter accumulation, and biomass partitioning rate of vegetative tissues during late growth stage (from flowering to maturity) were consistent with the yield formation capacities of the wheat cultivar. Our investigation indicates that the water-saving management using drought tolerant cultivars is effective in production of winter wheat in North China Plain, which can drastically improve the plant WUE and maintain the sustainable wheat productivity under reduced irrigation conditions.

/pdf/yield-formation-capacity-soil-water-consumption-property-and-56d0agsj6g.pdf

Yield formation capacity, soil water consumption property, and plant water use efficiency of wheat under water-saving conditions in north china plain

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Yield formation capacity, soil water consumption property, and plant water use efficiency of wheat under water-saving conditions in north china plain