An in-depth understanding of battery degradation and aging in-Operando not only plays a vital role in the design of battery managing systems but also helps to ensure safe use and manufacturing optimization of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in large-scale applications. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a nondestructive method which unravels electrode kinetic processes inside the batteries in different time domains, including charge-transfer reactions, interfacial evolutions, and mass diffusions. It has become a powerful diagnosis and pre/prognosis tool in battery aging research, as it provides important insight into the changes of internal electrochemical processes by correlating the impedance evolution to degradation mechanisms. This review gives a critical overview on rapidly developing impedance techniques for degradation and aging investigation of Li-ion batteries. The EIS variations of LIBs at different aging conditions of calendar aging and accelerated aging are systematically summarized. In addition, the working principles, data validation, and modeling methods, including equivalent circuit model (ECM), distribution of relaxation times (DRT), and transmission line model (TLM), of classical EIS and dynamic EIS are elaborately concluded. Finally, the challenges and perspectives of further application of EIS in the aging research of LIBs are presented. 

Application of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy to Degradation and Aging Research of Lithium-Ion Batteries

Effect of external pressure and internal stress on battery performance and lifespan

Volume and thickness change of NMC811<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" id="d1e243" altimg="si6.svg"><mml:mo>|</mml:mo></mml:math>SiO<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" id="d1e248" altimg="si108.svg"><mml:msub><mml:mrow /><

Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries have become the preferred power source for electric vehicles (EVs) due to their high energy density, low self-discharge rate, and long cycle life. Over the past decade, technological enhancements accompanied by massive cost reductions have enabled the growing market diffusion of EVs. This diffusion has resulted in customized and cost-effective Li-ion battery cell designs tailored to automotive requirements. This study describes design trends in Li-ion batteries from the pack to the electrode level based on empirical data, including pack energy, cell capacity, outer cell dimensions and formats, energy density, specific energy, and electrode properties, such as active material selection, porosities, and component thicknesses. Market share-weighted findings imply several trends, such as (1) increasing cell dimensions, with the longest cells reaching 500 mm (pouch) and almost 1000 mm (prismatic) in 2021, (2) increasing differentiation between either high-energy or low-cost cathode and anode materials, and (3) increasing cell energy, equivalent to gaining about 100% (energy density) and 70% (specific energy) compared to the 2010 and 2021 averages. Despite these improvements, this study finds that the widespread market diffusion of the latest cell technologies proceeds slower than industry announcements suggest and that several well-known, literature-proofed potentials are not yet fully exploited.

/pdf/trends-in-automotive-battery-cell-design-a-statistical-1tvr1k09.pdf

Trends in Automotive Battery Cell Design: A Statistical Analysis of Empirical Data

Thermal runaway propagation mitigation is a prerequisite in battery development for electric vehicles to meet legal requirements and ensure vehicle occupants’ safety. Thermal runaway propagation depends on many factors, e.g., cell spacing, intermediate materials, and the entire cell stack setup. Furthermore, the choice of cell chemistry plays a decisive role in the safety design of a battery system. However, many studies considering cell chemistry only focus on the cell level or neglect the energetic impacts of safety measures on system integration. This leads to a neglect of the conflict of objectives between battery safety and energy density. In this article, a comprehensive analysis of the thermal runaway propagation in lithium-ion batteries with NMC-811 and LFP cathodes from a Mini Cooper SE and Tesla Model 3 SR+ is presented. The focus is set on the identification of differences in battery safety, the derivation of safety requirements, and the evaluation of their impact on system integration. A comparative analysis identified significantly higher safety requirements for Graphite|NMC-811 than for Graphite|LFP cell chemistries. Regarding cell energy, thermal runaway reaction speed is nine times faster in NMC-811 cells and five times faster considering the whole propagation interval than LFP cells. However, since LFP cell chemistries have significantly lower energy densities than ternary cell chemistries, it must be verified whether the disadvantages in energy density can be compensated by advanced system integration. An analysis of cell-to-pack ratios for both cell chemistries has revealed that, based on average values, the gravimetric disadvantages are reduced to 16%, and the volumetric disadvantages can be completely compensated for at the pack level. However, future research should further focus on this issue as an accurate safety-related design depending on cell chemistry could enable a cost-benefit evaluation under the constraints of safety standards in the development of batteries for electric vehicles. 

Thermal runaway propagation in automotive lithium-ion batteries with NMC-811 and LFP cathodes: Safety requirements and impact on system integration

Effects of module stiffness and initial compression on lithium-ion cell aging

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Effects of module stiffness and initial compression on lithium-ion cell aging