Polymer-based electrochemical devices such as supercapacitor, battery, and fuel cell have been developed and advanced for energy related application. In this regard, conducting polymers own several tunable characteristics for energy conversion and energy storage relevance. Consequently, efficient, reliable, low cost, conducting, stable, and environment friendly energy systems have been developed using conducting polymers. To enhance the efficiency and commercialization of energy systems, design, structure, composition, and fabrication technique used for conducting polymers and related composite have been focused. Challenges and future trend associated with current state of the art conducting polymer materials in supercapacitor, battery, and fuel cell are highlighted.

Overview on conducting polymer in energy storage and energy conversion system

In this work, multifunctional sulfonated polystyrene/polyaniline/silver (SPS/PANI/Ag) nanocomposites are prepared through using sulfonated polystyrene (SPS) spheres as templates and utilizing polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as reducing agent and stabilizing agent. Our method is an environmentally friendly method because no toxic reagents are added during the preparation process. Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and energy disperse spectroscopy (EDX) results confirmed the formation of PS spheres, SPS spheres, SPS/PANI nanocomposites, and SPS/PANI/Ag nanocomposites. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns indicate that the obtained Ag nanoparticles are crystalline. Solubilities measurements show that SPS/PANI/Ag nanocomposites have improved solubilities when compared to pure PANI in common organic solvents and deionized water. Antibacterial studies show that SPS/PANI/Ag nanocomposites can greatly inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Anticorrosion studies show that the incorporation of SPS/PANI/Ag nanocomposites in waterborne alkyd resin can greatly promote the anticorrosive efficiency of waterborne alkyd resin.

Soluble, Antibaterial, and Anticorrosion Studies of Sulfonated Polystyrene/Polyaniline/Silver Nanocomposites Prepared with the Sulfonated Polystyrene Template

Polyaniline (PANI) nanofibers have enhanced water processibility, improved sensitivity and time response when exposed to chemical vapors, and unique advantages in other fields including electric devices and corrosion inhibition. Therefore, PANI nanofibers have attracted great interest and potentials for many commercial applications. In this paper, the advantages, formation mechanism, characteristics, influencing factors of various methods for preparing PANI nanofibers were described in detail. Their conductive properties and mechanism were briefly introduced. Finally, the potential applications of PANI nanofibers were elaborated in many fields such as gas sensors, capacitors, electrode materials for cells, removement of contaminant from water, corrosion inhibition, enzyme immobilization, Schottky diodes, and so on.

Preparation and application of polyaniline nanofibers: an overview

Highly selective and stable glucose biosensor based on incorporation of platinum nanoparticles into polyaniline-montmorillonite hybrid composites

Polyaniline is a conductive polymer with distinctive optical and electrical properties. Its enzymatic synthesis is an environmentally friendly alternative to the use of harsh oxidants and extremely acidic conditions. 7D5L, a high-redox potential laccase developed in our lab, is the biocatalyst of choice for the synthesis of green polyaniline (emeraldine salt) due to its superior ability to oxidize aniline and kinetic stability at the required polymerization conditions (pH 3 and presence of anionic surfactants) as compared with other fungal laccases. Doses as low as 7.6 nM of 7D5L catalyze the polymerization of 15 mM aniline (in 24 h, room temperature, 7% yield) in the presence of different anionic surfactants used as doping templates to provide linear and water-soluble polymers. Aniline polymerization was monitored by the increase of the polaron absorption band at 800 nm (typical for emeraldine salt). Best polymerization results were obtained with 5 mM sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS) as template. At fixed conditions (15 mM aniline and 5mM SDBS), polymerization rates obtained with 7D5L were 2.5-fold the rates obtained with commercial Trametes villosa laccase. Moreover, polyaniline yield was notably boosted to 75% by rising 7D5L amount to 0.15 μM, obtaining 1g of green polyaniline in 1L-reaction volume. The green polymer obtained with the selected system (7D5L/SDBS) holds excellent electrochemical and electro-conductive properties displayed in water-dispersible nanofibers, which is advantageous for the nanomaterial to be readily cast into uniform films for different applications.

/pdf/advanced-synthesis-of-conductive-polyaniline-using-laccase-4ldis6953e.pdf

Advanced Synthesis of Conductive Polyaniline Using Laccase as Biocatalyst

Soluble polyaniline nanofibers prepared via surfactant-free emulsion polymerization

With itaconic acid as dopant and (NH4)2S2O8 as oxidant, itaconic acid–doped polyaniline (PANI) nanorods were prepared by one-step and template-free polymerization method. The influence of the polymerization parameters such as the oxidant–aniline molar ratio, the oxidant concentration, the molar ratio of itaconic acid and aniline, and the itaconic acid concentration on the yield and conductivity of PANI was investigated by single factor analysis method. The yield and conductivity of itaconic acid–doped PANI were 112.5% and 2.06 × 10−3 S cm−1, respectively, when synthesized under the optimal reaction condition at room temperature. From the Fourier transform infrared and ultraviolet visible spectra, it can be demonstrated that PANI was successfully doped by itaconic acid and the conductivity was maximum when the ratio of benzene ring and quinine ring was 3:1 and the doping ratio of quinine ring reached 50%. Microstructure images showed that PANI has nanosized rod-like morphology.

One-step and template-free synthesis of itaconic acid–doped polyaniline nanorods in aqueous solution

Polyaniline has attracted increasing attention due to its various excellent properties; however, polyaniline doped by the acids with small molecules has poor solubility and thus impeded its widespread application. In this paper, soluble and conductive polyaniline doped by itaconic acid was prepared and orthogonal experiment design was conducted to study the impact of the synthesis parameters on the productivity and conductivity of polyaniline. The result showed that the oxidant-aniline molar ratio is the most prominent factor influencing the comprehensive index. The optimum oxidant-aniline molar ratio, oxidant concentration, itaconic acid-aniline molar ratio and itaconic acid concentration values were found to be 1.5, 0.5 mol/L, 0.5 and 0.5 mol/L, respectively. The chemical structures of the products based on the FT-IR spectra confirmed that the different oxidant states and molecular connection modes of polyaniline backbones brought about the conductivity diversity. The UV-Vis spectra showed that the prot...

Optimizing the Polymerization Conditions of Soluble Polyaniline Doped with Itaconic Acid

Nanostructured polyaniline has attracted more attention due to its interesting properties and potential applications. In this paper, itaconic acid doped polyaniline nanorods were successfully synthesized via chemical oxidation polymerization under the optimal polymerization condition obtained by the previous orthogonal experiment design and characterized by various measurements. The itaconic acid doped polyaniline has high productivity up to 94.5%, the conductivity of 2.11×10−2 S/cm and good solubility in organic solvents. Its particle size distribution is mono-dispersed and the morphology is the interconnected nanorods with the diameter of 67 nm. The crystallinity of itaconic acid doped polyaniline is 39.36%, but that of undoped polyaniline is 14.92%, as indicates that the existence of the dopant intensifies the order of the polyaniline crystal structure. There is a classic and specific absorption peak at 1243 cm−1 for doped polyaniline. The weight loss of itaconic acid doped polyaniline is mainly caused...

Synthesis and Characterization of Conductive and Soluble Itaconic Acid Doped Polyaniline Nanorods

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Soluble polyaniline nanofibers prepared via surfactant-free emulsion polymerization

One-step and template-free synthesis of itaconic acid–doped polyaniline nanorods in aqueous solution

Optimizing the Polymerization Conditions of Soluble Polyaniline Doped with Itaconic Acid

Synthesis and Characterization of Conductive and Soluble Itaconic Acid Doped Polyaniline Nanorods