Tapping the energy storage potential in electric loads to deliver load following and regulation, with application to wind energy

Evaluating the Limits of Solar Photovoltaics (PV) in Traditional Electric Power Systems

Power systems have traditionally been designed to provide flexibility in a context where demand is met by bulk generation. The integration of variable and uncertain renewable generation sources, such as wind, increases the flexibility needed to maintain the load-generation balance. This paper aims to provide a systematic approach to evaluate the flexibility level and investigate the role of flexibility in generation planning and market operation. An “offline” index is proposed to estimate the technical ability of both the individual generators and the generation mix to provide the required flexibility. A dedicated unit construction and commitment (UCC) algorithm, able to consider plant investment and operation costs, is developed to determine the optimal investments in flexible generating units. Market simulation models are then implemented to determine the profits obtained from providing flexibility in different market designs. An adapted RTS-96 system is used to test the proposed models and the flexibility metric. Results demonstrate the validity of the UCC algorithm and the coherence of the proposed flexibility index. The analysis of the profits of flexibility shows that the market design plays an important role in the efficient deployment and subsequent profitability of flexibility resources.

/pdf/evaluating-and-planning-flexibility-in-sustainable-power-rc7v87xw7v.pdf

Evaluating and Planning Flexibility in Sustainable Power Systems

Power systems have traditionally been designed to provide flexibility in a context where demand is met by bulk generation. The integration of variable and uncertain renewable generation sources, such as wind, increases the flexibility needed to maintain the load-generation balance. This paper aims to provide a systematic approach to evaluate the flexibility level and investigate the role of flexibility in generation planning and market operation. An `offline' index is proposed to estimate the technical ability of both the individual generators and the generation mix to provide the required flexibility. A dedicated unit construction and commitment (UCC) algorithm, able to consider plant investment and operation costs, is developed to determine the optimal investments in flexible generating units. Market simulation models are then implemented to determine the profits obtained from providing flexibility in different market designs. An adapted RTS-96 system is used to test the proposed models and the flexibility metric. Results demonstrate the validity of the UCC algorithm and the coherence of the proposed flexibility index. The analysis of the profits of flexibility shows that the market design plays an important role in the efficient deployment and subsequent profitability of flexibility resources.

/pdf/evaluating-and-planning-flexibility-in-sustainable-power-3co0le6152.pdf

Evaluating and planning flexibility in sustainable power systems

The impact of sub-hourly modelling in power systems with significant levels of renewable generation

Because of wind power's unique characteristics, many concerns are based on the increased variability that wind contributes to the grid, and most U.S. studies have focused on this aspect of wind generation. Grid operators are also concerned about the ability to predict wind generation over several time scales. In this report, we quantify the physical impacts and costs of wind generation on grid operations and the associated costs.

/pdf/grid-impacts-of-wind-power-variability-recent-assessments-3xnwb0em1x.pdf

Grid Impacts of Wind Power Variability: Recent Assessments from a Variety of Utilities in the United States; Preprint

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Grid Impacts of Wind Power Variability: Recent Assessments from a Variety of Utilities in the United States; Preprint