Remote sensing may be used to collect information on several important biophysical variables. This capability is in addition to the standard use of remotely sensed data for land-use and land-cover mapping. The status of work on remotely sensing nine fundamental biophysical variables is presented, including planimetric (x, y) location, topographic-bathymetric (x, y, z) elevation, color and the spectral signature of features, vegetation chlorophyll absorption characteristics, vegetation biomass, vegetation moisture content, soil moisture content, surface temperature, and texture or surface roughness. Remotely sensed ratio-scaled data on these biophysical variables may be more amenable for use in models and simulations than the nominal-scale land-use data. Emphasis is placed on current remote sensing capability and future potential and on the optimum spectral region(s) for sensing these biophysical variables.

Biophysical Remote Sensing

Thermal infrared radiation can be used to determine Earth surface temperature from space The concepts of thermal inertia and apparent thermal inertia are described The Heat Capacity Mapping Mission (HCMM), and the results of the applications of HCMM data, principally in geological studies, are discussed It is shown that thermal infrared data from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) can also be used for the determination of thermal inertia with only the need to have a very small additional quantity of local meteorological data

Thermal inertia determination from space— a tutorial review

In this review of developments in the field of remote sensing from a geophysical perspective, the subject is limited to the electromagnetic spectrum from 0.4 mu m to 25 cm. Three broad energy categories are covered: solar reflected, thermal infrared, and microwave.The reflected solar region has been the most intensely studied. Photointerpretation of images from individual spectral bands or from color composites remains the most widely used method of analysis. New instrumentation and digital processing, based on analysis of laboratory and field spectra, provide significant advances that are beginning to be applied to resource exploration. Color compositing techniques have been effectively used to detect the characteristic spectral reflectance features of iron oxides and hydroxyl-bearing materials in satellite multispectral data for mapping areas of hydrothermal alteration. Airborne spectrometers can now detect individual spectral features of many minerals which are diagnostic of different stages of hydrothermal alteration. Evolution was from discrimination, based on empirical experience, to mineralogic identification and leading to quantification. Current developments also indicate new, promising extensions to vegetated terrains.Advances in thermal infrared studies are due to development of thermal models that permit mapping of physical property variations and to detection of spectral differences that provide important compositional information. Analysis techniques are still in their infancy, and thermal satellite data remain appropriate only for regional investigations.Microwave data have been acquired mainly with radar systems, which can provide very high resolution from space, but use of textural and slope information has had limited application. Long-wavelength radiation has been shown to penetrate dry materials, and this may be applicable in extremely arid regions.

Remote sensing; a geophysical perspective

Thermal inertia is a measure of the resistance power of a material to changes in temperature, and this property of a material is very important from the aspects of hydrological and geological studies. Generation of thermal inertia images and their possible geological application has been attempted over the Indian peninsula and its surroundings using INSAT-1D (Indian National Satellite) VHRR (Very High Resolution Radiometer) day-time and consecutive nighttime data. Using the concepts of energy balance computation and also using the procedures involved in albedo computation and the digital registration of day time and pre-dawn imagery, a thermal inertia map over the whole peninsula and its surroundings has been generated. An attempt has been made to correlate the thermal inertia anomalies with sub-surface structures. The analysis done over the subcontinent shows the possibility of delineation of subsurface structures by thermal inertia mapping.

Regional thermal inertia mapping over the Indian subcontinent using INSAT-1D VHRR data and its possible geological applications

.......................................................................................... iv

Remote sensing and airborne geophysics in the assessment of natural aggregate resources

The errors incurred in producing a thermal inertia map are of three general types: measurement, analysis, and model simplification. To emphasize the geophysical relevance of these errors, they were expressed in terms of uncertainty in thermal inertia and compared with the thermal inertia values of geologic materials. Thus the applications and practical limitations of the technique were illustrated. All errors were calculated using the parameter values appropriate to a site at the Raft River, Id. Although these error values serve to illustrate the magnitudes that can be expected from the three general types of errors, extrapolation to other sites should be done using parameter values particular to the area. Three surface temperature algorithms were evaluated: linear Fourier series, finite difference, and Laplace transform. In terms of resulting errors in thermal inertia, the Laplace transform method is the most accurate (260 TIU), the forward finite difference method is intermediate (300 TIU), and the linear Fourier series method the least accurate (460 TIU).

/pdf/evaluation-of-algorithms-for-geological-thermal-inertia-47v7wbfi9l.pdf

Evaluation of algorithms for geological thermal-inertia mapping

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Evaluation of algorithms for geological thermal-inertia mapping