Ultra-wideband (UWB), short-pulse (SP) radar is investigated theoretically and experimentally for the detection and identification of targets buried in and placed atop soil. The calculations are performed using a rigorous, three-dimensional (3D) method of moments algorithm for perfectly conducting bodies of revolution. Particular targets investigated theoretically include anti-personnel mines, anti-tank mines, and a 55-gallon drum, for which the authors model the time-domain scattered fields and the buried-target late-time resonant frequencies. With regard to the latter, the computed resonant frequencies are utilized to assess the feasibility of resonance-based buried-target identification for this class of targets. The measurements are performed using a novel UWB, SP synthetic aperture radar (SAR) implemented on a mobile boom. Experimental and theoretical results are compared.

/pdf/ultra-wideband-short-pulse-ground-penetrating-radar-uehvkyi69j.pdf

Ultra-wideband, short-pulse ground-penetrating radar: simulation and measurement

A full-wave model is developed for electromagnetic scattering from buried and surface land mines (both conducting and plastic), taking rigorous account of the lossy, dispersive, and potentially layered properties of soil. The (polarimetric) theoretical results are confirmed via synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) measurements, performed using the US Army Research Laboratory's BoomSAR, with which fully polarimetric ultra-wide-band (50-1200 MHz) SAR imagery is produced. The SAR system is used to acquire a large database of imagery, including a significant distribution of naturally occurring clutter. Several techniques are used for mine detection with such data, including several detectors that are based on target features gleaned from the modeling, as well as a matched-filter-like detector that directly incorporates the target signatures themselves. In addition, the theoretical model is used to predict wave phenomenology in various environments (beyond the limited range of parameters that can be examined experimentally). Since the efficacy of radar-based subsurface sensing depends strongly on the soil properties, we perform a parametric study of the dependence of such on the target RCS, and on possible landmine resonances.

Ultra-wide-band synthetic-aperture radar for mine-field detection

Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) constitutes one of the oldest technologies for subsurface sensing. Most of such systems are placed in direct or near-direct contact with the earth surface. A significant drawback of this approach is the lack of "standoff", a particular problem for the detection of buried ordnance (e.g., mines). Moreover, it is time consuming to use such hand-held systems for large-area interrogation over variable terrain and foliage. The US Army Research Laboratory (ARL) has therefore undertaken the development of a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) system, with which significant standoff can be achieved. This system provides surveillance of large areas, the results from which can dictate the smaller regions over which conventional hand-held systems (e.g., electromagnetic induction, conventional GPR, and magnetometers) should be deployed. Therefore, while ideally we would like to use the SAR system to detect and distinguish each mine, we are particularly interested in mine field detection, over very large areas. Consequently, we need not detect each mine, but rather mine clusters. This simplified problem statement still constitutes a significant technological challenge, particularly in highly cluttered (natural and anthropic) environments.

Ultra-wideband synthetic aperture radar for mine field detection

The method of moments is used to analyze short-pulse plane-wave scattering from perfectly conducting bodies of revolution buried in a lossy, dispersive half space. The analysis is performed in the frequency domain, with the time-domain fields synthesized via Fourier transform. To make this analysis efficient, the method of complex images is used to compute the frequency-dependent components of the half-space dyadic Green's function. Results are presented for short-pulse scattering from buried spheres and cylinders, using measured frequency-dependent soil parameters (permittivity and conductivity).

Short-pulse plane-wave scattering from buried perfectly conducting bodies of revolution

Many diagnostic techniques in geophysics and civil engineering are based on the interaction of electromagnetic waves with objects buried in homogeneous or stratified media. Most of the investigations are concerned with the detection of buried objects, but a few papers have dealt with the problem of identifying the objects. The proposed method is based on the integral representation for a plane wave incident on a lossy half-space containing a cylindrical object of arbitrary cross section and electrical properties. The induced current distribution in the object is obtained from the backscattered field measurement in amplitude and phase. In order to improve the spatial resolution of the image, the scattered field is measured for different plane wave incidence and frequencies. Results of numerical simulations concerning the shape and size of the object for different values of soil electromagnetic parameters are presented in this paper.

Electromagnetic Modeling for Microwave Imaging of Cylindrical Buried Inhomogeneities

The resolving capability of underground imaging radar employing a multifrequency holographic approach is characterized in terms of controlling parameters such as the synthetic aperture length, soil conductivity and dielectric constant, and antenna beamwidth. The propagation velocity of electromagnetic wave in soil, which varies from soil to soil, is an essential parameter for reconstructing object images using the holographic approach. Hence, a method of estimating the propagation velocity and also the depth of an object from a pulse-echo image based on the minimum squared error is proposed. The result of underground object image reconstruction from real pulse-echo data is reported to demonstrate high estimation accuracy of the propagation velocity and fine resolution of the reconstructed image.

Microwave holographic imaging of underground objects

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Microwave holographic imaging of underground objects