Anodic porous alumina, –AAO– (also known as nanoporous alumina, nanohole alumina arrays, –NAA– or nanoporous anodized alumina platforms, –NAAP–) has opened new opportunities in a wide range of fields, and is used as an advanced photonic structure for applications in structural coloration and advanced optical biosensing based on the ordered nanoporous structure obtained and as a template to grow nanowires or nanotubes of different materials giving rise to metamaterials with tailored properties. Therefore, understanding the structure of nanoporous anodic alumina templates and knowing how they are fabricated provide a tool for the further design of structures based on them, such as 3D nanoporous structures developed recently. In this work, we review the latest developments related to nanoporous alumina, which is currently a very active field, to provide a solid and thorough reference for all interested experts, both in academia and industry, on these nanostructured and highly useful structures. We present an overview of theories on the formation of pores and self-ordering in alumina, paying special attention to those presented in recent years, and different nanostructures that have been developed recently. Therefore, a wide variety of architectures, ranging from ordered nanoporous structures to diameter changing pores, branched pores, and 3D nanostructures will be discussed. Next, some of the most relevant results using different nanostructured morphologies as templates for the growth of different materials with novel properties and reduced dimensionality in magnetism, thermoelectricity, etc. will be summarised, showing how these structures have influenced the state of the art in a wide variety of fields. Finally, a review on how these anodic aluminium membranes are used as platforms for different applications combined with optical techniques, together with principles behind these applications will be presented, in addition to a hint on the future applications of these versatile nanomaterials. In summary, this review is focused on the most recent developments, without neglecting the basis and older studies that have led the way to these findings. Thus, it gives an updated state-of-the-art review that should be useful not only for experts in the field, but also for non-specialists, helping them to gain a broad understanding of the importance of anodic porous alumina, and most probably, endow them with new ideas for its use in fields of interest or even developing the anodization technique.

/pdf/revisiting-anodic-alumina-templates-from-fabrication-to-2fqw97iqp4.pdf

Revisiting anodic alumina templates: from fabrication to applications

Holey graphene (hG), also called graphene nanomesh, is a structural derivative of graphene. hG is formed by removing a large number of atoms from the graphitic plane to produce holes distributed on...

https://tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/21663831.2016.1271047

Holey graphene: a unique structural derivative of graphene

Because of its fascinating electronic properties, graphene is expected to produce breakthroughs in many areas of nanoelectronics. For spintronics, its key advantage is the expected long spin lifetime, combined with its large electron velocity. In this chapter, it is reviewed, and the results show that graphene could be the long-awaited platform for spintronics. A critical parameter for both characterization and devices is the resistance of the contact between the electrodes and the graphene, which must be large enough to prevent quenching of the induced spin polarization but small enough to allow for the detection of this polarization. Spin diffusion lengths in the 100-μm range, much longer than those in conventional metals and semiconductors, have been observed. This could be a unique advantage for several concepts of spintronic devices, particularly for the implementation of complex architectures or logic circuits in which information is coded by pure spin currents. The aim of this chapter is to provide possible hints to overcome the difficulties in graphene applications in the field of spintronics by comparing the physical properties of graphene and magnetoresistive phenomena in spintronics. This chapter will be useful for advanced physics, chemistry, and materials science in nanotechnology and the field of spintronics.

Magnetism and spintronics in graphene

Magnetism and Spintronics in Graphenes: Spin Hall Effect and Edge‐Derived Spin Phenomena

The magnetic susceptibility of a triangular-graphene-quantum-dot-like system was examined by using the determinant quantum Monte Carlo method. We focused on three kinds of zigzag edge quantum dots or rings, namely the triangular graphene quantum ring, twist bilayer triangular graphene quantum dot, and twist bilayer triangular graphene quantum ring. The triangular-graphene-quantum-dot-like system exhibits robust edge ferromagnetic behavior, which is independent of size, monolayer or bilayer, and dot or ring shape, according to the unbiased numerical results. At half filling, the edge magnetic susceptibility is increased by on-site interaction, especially in low temperature region. Applications of this system in spintronics may benefit from the robust edge ferromagnetic behavior.

Zigzag edge ferromagnetism of triangular-graphene-quantum-dot-like system

Unique atomic structures at the edges of graphenes yield a variety of interesting phenomena. In spite of carbon-based material with only sp
 2 bonds, the zigzag-type atomic structure of graphene edges theoretically produces spontaneous spin polarization of electrons due to mutual Coulomb interaction of extremely high electron density of states localizing at the flat energy band. However, spin-based phenomena have been experimentally observed only in defect-related carbon systems. Here, we fabricate honeycomb-like arrays of low-defect hexagonal nanopores (graphene nanomeshes; GNMs) on graphenes, which produce a large amount of pore edges, by using a nonlithographic method (nanoporous alumina templates). We find large-magnitude ferromagnetism arising from polarized electron spins localizing at the zigzag-nanopore edges of monolayer GNMs. Moreover, spin pumping effect depending on GNM structures is found for magnetic fields applied in parallel with the few-layer GNM planes. These promise to be a realization of rare-element free magnets and also novel all-carbon spintronic devices.

Electron-Spin-Based Phenomena Arising from Pore Edges of Graphene Nanomeshes

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Electron-Spin-Based Phenomena Arising from Pore Edges of Graphene Nanomeshes