A broad consensus has been formed around global greenhouse gas emission reduction, and the task of realizing carbon reduction and decarbonization in the shipping industry is getting increasingly severe. Low-carbon and zero-carbon fuel power is the most direct and effective way to reduce ship emissions. However, it is difficult to form a mature power system configuration in designing, constructing, and applying low-carbon and zero-carbon fuel-powered ships due to the constraints of waters, routes, ship types, demand, power, alternative fuels, carbon emission reduction policies, and other dimensions. Based on this situation, to fill in the top-level architecture of the ship green power system and form a preliminary ship green power system configuration, this paper constructs a "demand-configuration-integration-system evaluation" architecture of ship green power system based on zero-carbon fuels from two kinds of zero-carbon fuels, i.e., hydrogen and ammonia. First, the demand for green ship power systems is sorted out, and the five ship system configuration elements, namely, fuel, power module, propulsion mode, aftertreatment mode, and propulsion module, are summarized. Then, the systems are combined and integrated, and the steps of the assessment of zero-carbon ship power systems are summarized by taking three typical power system configurations, namely, internal-combustion engine, fuel cell, and hybrid power systems, as examples. The green zero-carbon power system architecture proposed in this paper not only includes three kinds of inland near-sea and oceanic water requirements but also involves different ship types, such as container ships, bulk carriers, cruise ships, offshore engineering vessels, which can provide specific ideas and references for the designers/owners when designing and selecting a new type of zero-carbon powered ship. 

Towards a marine green power system architecture: Integrating hydrogen and ammonia as zero-carbon fuels for sustainable shipping

The current global consensus to reduce greenhouse gas emissions has placed the maritime industry under increasing pressure to achieve carbon reduction and decarbonization. Low-carbon and zero-carbon power stand out as crucial means for ships to effectively cut emissions. However, implementing such power for ships is immensely intricate due to constraints like water conditions, routes, vessel types, demand, alternative fuels, and carbon reduction policies. Addressing these challenges, this paper establishes a high-level framework for low-carbon power systems in ships. Firstly, it focuses on low-carbon fuels like liquefied natural gas (LNG), liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), methanol, and biofuels, analyzing and summarizing the demands for low-carbon power in ships. Secondly, it offers a comprehensive overview of the configuration elements of low-carbon ship power systems across five dimensions: fuel, power module, propulsion method, aftertreatment module, and propulsion module. Based on this analysis, the paper proposes a configuration approach termed "demand-configuration-integration-evaluation" and presents six typical configurations for low-carbon ship power systems. Lastly, the paper outlines steps for evaluating low-carbon power systems. This framework and methodology cater to various water conditions (inland/offshore/offshore) and are adaptable to different vessel types (container ships, bulk carriers, cruise ships, and offshore engineering vessels). This systematic study offers crucial insights and references for ship designers and owners in the selection and design of new low-carbon power ships. 

Configuration of Low-Carbon fuels green marine power systems in diverse ship types and Applications

SummaryOrnamental plants cultivated in urban regions may help to sustain local pollinator populations as well as broaden food source for honey bees. This 3–year study examined the abundance of flowering, nectar and pollen production as well as insect visitation to six ornamental Deutzia species and cultivars. In Poland, the blooming of the observed taxa lasted from early June to the end of July. The number of developed florets strongly depended on the weather conditions before and during the flowering period. All deutzias showed abundant secretion of highly concentrated nectar. The mean amount of sugars secreted in nectar per 10 flowers ranged from 11.8 mg (D. scabra) to 18.7 mg (D. gracilis). Average pollen mass produced by the same number of florets was similar in all species and reached 17.8 mg. The highest estimated nectar (71.1 g) and pollen (74.1 g) crop per plant was obtained from D. scabra cv. Watereri. Deutzia flowers attracted numerous insects, mainly honey bees, bumble bees and solitary bees.Th...

Floral reward and insect visitation in ornamental deutzias (Deutzia spp.), Saxifragaceae sensu lato

The electrified hybrid shipboard power system with high-level integration of renewable energy resources and energy storage system has become the new trend for the all-electric ship (AES) configuration. However, the traditional rule-based energy management system (EMS) is not able to fulfill the increasingly complex control requirements, and a more advanced EMS control algorithm is required to handle the multiple power sources and even achieve optimal energy management control. This paper proposes a supervisory-level EMS with an improved adaptive model predictive control (AMPC) strategy to optimize the power split among the hybrid power sources and to reduce the total cost of ownership (TCO) of vessel operation, which considers not only the fuel and emission costs but also the power source degradation. In order to achieve real-time implementation, the AMPC-based EMS software has been developed and deployed to a programmable logic controller (PLC) hardware. The prototyping controller verification tests have been performed with a hybrid fuel cell-fed shipboard power system hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) plant in the lab environment. Three typical tugboat load profiles with power fluctuations are implemented as case studies. Lastly, a cost study was performed to compute the economic benefits for a ten-year long-term vessel operational cycle. The proposed AMPC-based EMS is robust and effective, which can achieve up to 12.19% TCO savings compared to those of a traditional rule-based control strategy.

Robust Real-Time Shipboard Energy Management System With Improved Adaptive Model Predictive Control

Li-ion batteries are crucial for sustainable energy, powering electric vehicles, and supporting renewable energy storage systems for solar and wind power integration. Keeping these batteries at temperatures between 285 K and 310 K is crucial for optimal performance. This requires efficient battery thermal management systems (BTMS). Many studies, both numerical and experimental, have focused on improving BTMS efficiency. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the latest BTMS designs developed in 2023 and 2024, with a focus on recent advancements and innovations. The primary objective is to evaluate these new designs to identify key improvements and trends. This review categorizes BTMS designs into four cooling methods: air-cooling, liquid-cooling, phase change material (PCM)-cooling, and thermoelectric cooling. It provides a detailed analysis of each method. It also offers a unique examination of hybrid cooling BTMSs, classifying them based on their impact on the cooling process. A hybrid-cooling BTMS refers to a method that combines at least two of the four types of BTMS (air-cooling, liquid-cooling, PCM-cooling, and thermoelectric-cooling) to enhance thermal management efficiency. Unlike previous reviews, this study emphasizes the novelty of recent designs and the substantial results they achieve, offering significant insights and recommendations for future research and development in BTMS. By highlighting the latest innovations and providing an in-depth analysis, this paper serves as a valuable resource for researchers and engineers aiming to enhance battery performance and sustainability through advanced thermal management solutions. 

Recent Advancements in Battery Thermal Management Systems for Enhanced Performance of Li-Ion Batteries: A Comprehensive Review

This article focuses on the problem of fluctuating cooling system flow caused by different working states such as acceleration and braking during the actual operation of electric vehicles, which prevents the system from effectively dissipating heat from the battery for a long time. In the past, liquid cooling heat dissipation schemes designed based on structural parameters often relied on the experience of CFD engineers. There is no in-depth study of the heat propagation characteristics. At present, research on the application of topology optimization method in cooling plate design mainly focuses on the relative positions of single inlet and outlet, objective functions, and constraint conditions. There are very few studies evaluating the adaptability of different cooling plate structures at different flow rates. In this perspective, this work proposes a two-dimensional topology optimization method for obtaining the cooling plates with different topological structures such as the series of cooling plate structures with dual entrances and exits. The method comprises of a comprehensive study on variations of the inlet flow rate under different average fluid volume fraction, outlet width, and temperature weight conditions. The results indicate that setting an excessive inlet flow rate can actually lead to an increase in the average temperature of the optimized cooling plate. Subsequently, the cooling plate structure obtained through topology optimization at inlet flow rates of 0.015 m/s, 0.02 m/s, and 0.025 m/s was selected, and a three-dimensional electrothermal fluid coupling model was established based on its two-dimensional channel structure. Its cooling performance, flow characteristics, and heat transfer characteristics were analyzed, and compared with two straight channel reference models. The results indicate that the optimized cooling plate structure under low flow conditions has better heat dissipation performance. At a flow rate of 0.56 × At 10-6m3/s, compared to traditional cooling plates(CASE D, CASE E), the highest temperature of the battery using topology optimized cooling plates (CASE A) decreased by 3.5 K and 1.79 K, respectively, and the standard deviation of temperature decreased by 48% and 14%, respectively. Under the same inlet flow velocity, the area of the fluid region increases with the increase of the mean fluid volume fraction, and the width of the flow channel increases gradually and the branches increase significantly, from the concentrated solid region to the dispersed isolated region. At a low flow rate, the normalized temperature of the cooling plate increases with the increase of the flow rate of the coolant inlet, and when the flow rate reaches a certain value, in order to reduce the power loss of the cooling plate, the flow path is gradually concentrated on both sides of the cooling plate. This leads to the decline of the normalized temperature of the cooling plate. 

A comprehensive numerical study based on topology optimization for cooling plates thermal design of battery packs

To achieve high-efficiency power and energy man-agement in a modern hybrid shipboard power system, an accurate shipload profile has become the pre-condition for opti-mization of the power and energy control. With the introduction of the all-electric ship concept, propulsion load is determined by the electrical power demand instead of the propeller mechanical torque. In this study, a data-driven load profile prediction model of the ship propulsion power is developed with machine learning methods. A typical ferry boat operation data is utilized as the case study to verify the prediction accuracy. The prediction model is approached via three different regression models and the predicted results are studied and compared. The marine power load forecasting can improve power system efficiency and reduce the energy cost through a better understanding of the power system demand pattern.

Data-Driven Propulsion Load Profile Prediction for All-Electric Ships

To improve the geostationary Earth orbit (GEO) debris removal efficiency and mission efficacy, a metamodel-based multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) scheme of GEO debris removal satellites is proposed. In this work, the intercouplings between system design and mission planning are fully considered to formulate the GEO debris removal satellite MDO problem involving mixed discrete and continuous design variables. The satellite system design is investigated considering power, thermal control, and structure disciplines to obtain the subsystem performance parameters according to the removal mission requirements. In terms of the performance of satellite system, the floating number-based task allocation model and hybrid propulsion-based orbital transfer strategy are developed for efficient removal mission planning of multiple satellites. Then, a parallel adaptive Kriging method with constraint aggregation for mixed discrete-continuous optimization problem (PAKM-CA-DC) is proposed to efficiently minimize the total mass of multiple satellites subject to a number of practical engineering constraints including power usage, depth of discharge, thermal equilibrium temperature, and structural frequencies. Finally, the GEO debris removal satellite MDO engineering applications are implemented to validate the effectiveness and practicability of the proposed MDO scheme. 

Metamodel-Based Multidisciplinary Design Optimization of Geostationary Debris Removal Satellites

Seasonal pattern of flower utilization in hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) in Kagawa Prefecture, Japan.

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