The glass industry is part of the energy-intensive industry posing a major challenge to fulfill the CO2 reduction targets of the Paris Climate Agreement. The segments of the glass industry, e.g., container or flat glass, are quite diverse and attribute to different glass products with different requirements to product quality and various process options. To address the challenge of decarbonizing the glass industry, firstly, an inventory of current glass products, processes and applied technologies in terms of energy efficiency and CO2 emissions is conducted. Secondly, decarbonization options are identified and structured according to fuel substitution, waste heat recovery and process intensification. Due to the high share of energy-related CO2 emissions, electrical melting and hydrogen combustion, or a combination of both, are the most promising options to decarbonize the glass industry but further research, design adjustments and process improvements are necessary. Furthermore, electricity and hydrogen prices have to decrease or fossil fuels must become more expensive, to be cost-competitive relative to fossil fuels and respective infrastructures have to be constructed or adjusted. Various heat recovery options have great potential for CO2 savings but can be technically challenging or have not yet been considered for techno-economic reasons.

A Review of Decarbonization Options for the Glass Industry

First law energy analysis of thermochemical waste-heat recuperation by steam methane reforming

Natural gas reforming in thermochemical waste-heat recuperation systems: A review

Numerical study of steam methane reforming over a pre-heated Ni-based catalyst with detailed fluid dynamics

The global shortage of zinc mines makes the extraction of zinc from zinc-containing wastes a hot research topic. Most kinds of steel mill dust (SMD) cannot be directly returned to the ironmaking and steelmaking processes due to their zinc content. A large amount of SMD produced during steelmaking has become a major challenge for steel plants due to environmental pollution, health issues and land scarcity. Lots of processes for recovering metals from SMD have been developed to comprehensively utilize them and solve these environmental problems. Zinc in SMD can be recovered by these technologies, and the residue can be used as raw material for ironmaking. In this work, the sources and characteristics of SMD from different processes were analyzed firstly. Then, the mechanisms of physical, hydrometallurgical, pyrometallurgical and pyrometallurgy–hydrometallurgy combined processes for SMD disposal are presented, and these methods are compared in terms of energy consumption, process complexity and industrial application. Finally, suggestions and prospects for utilization of SMD are put forward.

https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/15/12/4127/pdf?version=1654845785

Recovery of Zinc and Iron from Steel Mill Dust—An Overview of Available Technologies

Optimelt™ Regenerative Thermo‐Chemical Heat Recovery for Oxy‐Fuel Glass Furnaces

Advanced Heat Recovery For Oxy‐Fuel Fired Glass Furnaces with Optimelt™ Plus Technology

Operating Experience with Optimelt™ Regenerative Thermo‐Chemical Heat Recovery for Oxy‐Fuel Fired Glass Furnaces

With recent increases in environmental awareness, the circular economy concept, which involves turning waste into usable products, has gradually become widely accepted. Spent mushroom substrate (SMS) is an agricultural waste that lacks recycling channels in Taiwan. This study explored the feasibility of simultaneously recycling two completely different types of waste: spent mushroom substrate (SMS), an agricultural waste, and electric-arc furnace dust (EAFD), an industrial waste. Specifically, SMS was used to replace metallurgical coke as a reducing agent for EAFD, which underwent carbothermic reduction to recycle valuable metallic Zn. The results showed that if SMS and EAFD were mixed at a C/O ratio of 0.8, the degree of Zn removal achieved 95% at 1100 °C, which is 150 °C lower than the reduction temperature of the EAFD-coke mixture (due to volatile matter (VM) in SMS). For the reduction of ZnO in EAFD, with the assistance of VM in SMS, the C/O ratio can be decreased from 0.8 to 0.16 at 1300 °C, achieving a high degree of Zn removal over 95%. In addition, the torrefaction of SMS increased the fixed carbon content and improved the Zn productivity at the same C/O ratio, reaching almost the same productivity as the coke sample (SMS torrefaction = 500 °C, C/O = 0.8, reduction = 1200 °C, Zn removal~99%). Finally, CO2 emission reductions from the use of SMS were also estimated.

/pdf/spent-mushroom-substrate-and-electric-arc-furnace-dust-k0qhcbmo.pdf

Spent Mushroom Substrate and Electric Arc Furnace Dust Recycling by Carbothermic Reduction Method

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Optimelt™ Regenerative Thermo‐Chemical Heat Recovery for Oxy‐Fuel Glass Furnaces

Advanced Heat Recovery For Oxy‐Fuel Fired Glass Furnaces with Optimelt™ Plus Technology

Operating Experience with Optimelt™ Regenerative Thermo‐Chemical Heat Recovery for Oxy‐Fuel Fired Glass Furnaces

Spent Mushroom Substrate and Electric Arc Furnace Dust Recycling by Carbothermic Reduction Method