This paper presents a review of the experimental achievements related to the development of high-power gyrotron oscillators for long-pulse or CW operation and pulsed gyrotrons for many applications. In addition, this work gives a short overview on the present development status of frequency step-tunable and multi-frequency gyrotrons, coaxial-cavity multi-megawatt gyrotrons, gyrotrons for technological and spectroscopy applications, relativistic gyrotrons, large orbit gyrotrons (LOGs), quasi-optical gyrotrons, fast- and slow-wave cyclotron autoresonance masers (CARMs), gyroklystrons, gyro-TWT amplifiers, gyrotwystron amplifiers, gyro-BWOs, gyro-harmonic converters, gyro-peniotrons, magnicons, free electron masers (FEMs), and dielectric vacuum windows for such high-power mm-wave sources. Gyrotron oscillators (gyromonotrons) are mainly used as high-power millimeter wave sources for electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH), electron cyclotron current drive (ECCD), stability control, and diagnostics of magnetically confined plasmas for clean generation of energy by controlled thermonuclear fusion. The maximum pulse length of commercially available 140 GHz, megawatt-class gyrotrons employing synthetic diamond output windows is 30 min (CPI and European KIT-SPC-THALES collaboration). The world record parameters of the European tube are as follows: 0.92 MW output power at 30-min pulse duration, 97.5% Gaussian mode purity, and 44% efficiency, employing a single-stage depressed collector (SDC) for energy recovery. A maximum output power of 1.5 MW in 4.0-s pulses at 45% efficiency was generated with the QST-TOSHIBA (now CANON) 110-GHz gyrotron. The Japan 170-GHz ITER gyrotron achieved 1 MW, 800 s at 55% efficiency and holds the energy world record of 2.88 GJ (0.8 MW, 60 min) and the efficiency record of 57% for tubes with an output power of more than 0.5 MW. The Russian 170-GHz ITER gyrotron obtained 0.99 (1.2) MW with a pulse duration of 1000 (100) s and 53% efficiency. The prototype tube of the European 2-MW, 170-GHz coaxial-cavity gyrotron achieved in short pulses the record power of 2.2 MW at 48% efficiency and 96% Gaussian mode purity. Gyrotrons with pulsed magnet for various short-pulse applications deliver Pout = 210 kW with τ = 20 μs at frequencies up to 670 GHz (η ≅ 20%), Pout = 5.3 kW at 1 THz (η = 6.1%), and Pout = 0.5 kW at 1.3 THz (η = 0.6%). Gyrotron oscillators have also been successfully used in materials processing. Such technological applications require tubes with the following parameters: f > 24 GHz, Pout = 4–50 kW, CW, η > 30%. The CW powers produced by gyroklystrons and FEMs are 10 kW (94 GHz) and 36 W (15 GHz), respectively. The IR FEL at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility in the USA obtained a record average power of 14.2 kW at a wavelength of 1.6 μm. The THz FEL (NOVEL) at the Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics in Russia achieved a maximum average power of 0.5 kW at wavelengths 50–240 μm (6.00–1.25 THz).

/pdf/state-of-the-art-of-high-power-gyro-devices-and-free-5avfirj4z9.pdf

State-of-the-Art of High-Power Gyro-Devices and Free Electron Masers

This paper presents a review of the experimental achievements related to the development of high-power gyrotron oscillators for long-pulse or CW operation and pulsed gyrotrons for many applications. In addition, this work gives a short overview on the present development status of frequency step-tunable and multi-frequency gyrotrons, coaxial-cavity multi-megawatt gyrotrons, gyrotrons for technological and spectroscopy applications, relativistic gyrotrons, large orbit gyrotrons (LOGs), quasi-optical gyrotrons, fast- and slow-wave cyclotron autoresonance masers (CARMs), gyroklystrons, gyro-TWT amplifiers, gyrotwystron amplifiers, gyro-BWOs, gyro-harmonic converters, gyro-peniotrons, magnicons, free electron masers (FEMs), and dielectric vacuum windows for such high-power mm-wave sources. Gyrotron oscillators (gyromonotrons) are mainly used as high-power millimeter wave sources for electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH), electron cyclotron current drive (ECCD), stability control, and diagnostics of magnetically confined plasmas for clean generation of energy by controlled thermonuclear fusion. The maximum pulse length of commercially available 140 GHz, megawatt-class gyrotrons employing synthetic diamond output windows is 30 min (CPI and European KIT-SPC-THALES collaboration). The world record parameters of the European tube are as follows: 0.92 MW output power at 30-min pulse duration, 97.5% Gaussian mode purity, and 44% efficiency, employing a single-stage depressed collector (SDC) for energy recovery. A maximum output power of 1.5 MW in 4.0-s pulses at 45% efficiency was generated with the QST-TOSHIBA (now CANON) 110-GHz gyrotron. The Japan 170-GHz ITER gyrotron achieved 1 MW, 800 s at 55% efficiency and holds the energy world record of 2.88 GJ (0.8 MW, 60 min) and the efficiency record of 57% for tubes with an output power of more than 0.5 MW. The Russian 170-GHz ITER gyrotron obtained 0.99 (1.2) MW with a pulse duration of 1000 (100) s and 53% efficiency. The prototype tube of the European 2-MW, 170-GHz coaxial-cavity gyrotron achieved in short pulses the record power of 2.2 MW at 48% efficiency and 96% Gaussian mode purity. Gyrotrons with pulsed magnet for various short-pulse applications deliver P out  = 210 kW with τ  = 20 μs at frequencies up to 670 GHz ( η  ≅ 20%), P out  = 5.3 kW at 1 THz ( η  = 6.1%), and P out  = 0.5 kW at 1.3 THz ( η  = 0.6%). Gyrotron oscillators have also been successfully used in materials processing. Such technological applications require tubes with the following parameters: f   >  24 GHz, P out  = 4–50 kW, CW, η   >  30%. The CW powers produced by gyroklystrons and FEMs are 10 kW (94 GHz) and 36 W (15 GHz), respectively. The IR FEL at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility in the USA obtained a record average power of 14.2 kW at a wavelength of 1.6 μm. The THz FEL (NOVEL) at the Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics in Russia achieved a maximum average power of 0.5 kW at wavelengths 50–240 μm (6.00–1.25 THz).

/pdf/state-of-the-art-of-high-power-gyro-devices-and-free-3dd9d7und5.pdf

State-of-the-art of high power gyro-devices and free electron masers update 1995

This report gives an update of the worldwide experimental achievements in the development of long-pulse gyrotron oscillators for fusion plasma heating, plasma diagnostics and materials processing. In addition, this work gives a short overview of the present development status of coaxial-cavity multi-megawatt gyrotrons, gyrotrons for technological and spectroscopy applications, relativistic gyrotrons, quasi-optical gyrotrons, cyclotron autoresonance masers, gyro-amplifiers, gyro-BWO's, free electron masers and of vacuum windows for such high-power mm-wave sources.

/pdf/state-of-the-art-of-high-power-gyro-devices-and-free-1mmeiw5vph.pdf

State-of-the-Art of High Power Gyro-Devices and Free Electron Masers. Update 2011. (KIT Scientific Reports ; 7606)

Dieser Bericht geht auf den experimentellen Stand von Hochleistungs-Gyrotron-Rohren fur verschiedene Anwendungen ein. Auserdem wird uber frequenzdurchstimmbare Gyrotrons, Multi-MW-Gyrotrons mit koaxialem Resonator, Gyrotrons fur technologische und spektroskopische Anwendungen, relativistische Gyrotrons, Zyklotron-Autoresonanz-Maser, Gyroklystrons, Gyro-TWT-und Gyrotwystron-Verstarker, Gyro-RWO, Gyro-Harmonische-Konvertoren Gyro-Peniotrons, Magnicons, und Frei-Elektronen-Maser berichtet.

/pdf/state-of-the-art-of-high-power-gyro-devices-and-free-wis23tsqld.pdf

State-of-the-Art of High Power Gyro-Devices and Free Electron Masers. Update 2015 (KIT Scientific Reports ; 7717)

Gyrotron oscillators (gyromonotrons) are mainly used as high power millimeter wave sources for electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH), electron cyclotron current drive (ECCD), stability control and diagnostics of magnetically confined plasmas for generation of energy by controlled thermonuclear fusion. The maximum pulse length of commercially available 1 MW gyrotrons employing synthetic diamond output windows is 5 s at 110 GHz (CPI and JAERI-TOSHIBA), 12s at 140 GHz (FZK-CRPP-CEA-TED) and 9 s at 170 GHz (JAERI-TOSHIBA), with efficiencies slightly above 30%. Total efficiencies of 45-50 % have been obtained using single-stage depressed collectors (for energy recovery). The energy world record of 160 MJ (0.89 MW at 180 s pulse length and 140 GHz) at power levels higher than 0.8 MW has been achieved by the European FZK-CRPP-CEA-TED collaboration at FZK where the pulse length restriction to 180 s is due to the HV power supply at I b e a m m 40 A. At lower beam current (I b e a m = 26 A) it was even possible to obtain 506 MJ (0.54 MW for 937 s). The longest shot lasted for 1300 s at 0.26 MW output power. These very long pulses were limited by a pressure increase in the tube. A maximum output power of 1.2 MW in 4.1 s pulses was generated with the JAERI-TOSHIBA 110 GHz gyrotron. The Russian and the Japan 170 GHz ITER gyrotrons achieved 0.54 MW at 80s pulse duration and 0.5 MW at 500 s, respectively. Diagnostic gyrotrons deliver Pout = 40 kW with T = 40 μs at frequencies up to 650 GHz (η ≥ 4%). Gyrotron oscillators have also been successfully used in materials processing. Such technological applications require gyrotrons with the following parameters: f ≥ 24 GHz, Pout = 4-50 kW, CW, η ≥ 30%. This paper gives an update of the experimental achievements related to the development of high power gyrotron oscillators for long pulse or CW operation and pulsed gyrotrons for plasma diagnostics. In addition, this work gives a short overview of the present development status of coaxial cavity gyrotrons, gyrotrons for technological applications, relativistic gyrotrons, quasi-optical gyrotrons, fast- and slow-wave cyclotron autoresonance masers (CARMs), gyroklystrons, gyro-TWT amplifiers, gyrotwystron amplifiers, gyro-BWO's, gyropeniotrons, magnicons, gyroharmonic converters, free electron masers (FEMs) and of vacuum windows for such high-power mm-wave sources. The highest CW powers produced by gyrotron oscillators, gyroklystrons and FEMs are, respectively, 340 kW (28 GHz), 10 kW (94 GHz) and 36 W (15 GHz). The IR FEL at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility obtained a record average power of 4 kW at 5.7 μm.

/pdf/state-of-the-art-of-high-power-gyro-devices-and-free-4bn0dtf8pe.pdf

State-of-the-art of high power gyro-devices and free electron masers. Update 2004

The long term strategy of the EU in the field of gyrotrons in fusion plasma applications is based on two approaches: R&D in laboratories to develop advanced concepts and industrial development of state‐of‐the‐art tubes for use in present experiments like TCV, Tore Supra (118 GHz, 0.5 MW, CW) and W7‐X (140 GHz, 1 MW, CW). The results from these two approaches are then applied to the development of a coaxial cavity gyrotron operating at 170 GHz and delivering 2 MW‐CW for the electron cyclotron wave system of ITER. This paper will recall the main achievements of this program and will outline the present status of the 170 GHz coaxial cavity gyrotron development.

Gyrotron Development in the EU for Present Fusion Experiments and for ITER

A prototype of a 1 MW, CW, 140 GHz conventional gyrotron for the W7-X stellarator in Greifswald/Germany has been tested successfully and the fabrication of series tubes started. In extended studies the feasibility for manufacturing a continuously operated high power coaxial cavity gyrotron has been demonstrated and all needed data for an industrial design has been obtained. Based on this results the fabrication of a first prototype of a 2 MW, CW, 170 GHz coaxial cavity gyrotron started recently in cooperation between European research institutions and European tube industry. The prototype tube is foreseen to be tested in 2006 at CRPP Lausanne where a suitable test facility is under construction.

Development of steady-state 2 MW, 170 GHz gyrotrons for ITER

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Gyrotron Development in the EU for Present Fusion Experiments and for ITER

Development of steady-state 2 MW, 170 GHz gyrotrons for ITER