Although motor deficits are gaining attention in autism research much less attention has been paid to the physical activity patterns in this group of children. The participants in this study were a group of children with autism spectrum disorder (N = 72) between the ages of 9-18 years. This cross-sectional study explored the physical activity patterns of seventy-two children with autism spectrum disorder as they aged. Results indicated significant differences between the mean time spent in moderate to vigorous physical activity and the mean time spent in sedentary activity. Older children with autism spectrum disorder are significantly more physically inactive, compared to younger children. Physical activity programs and interventions need to address this deficit, in physical activity. Children with autism have a similar trend in physical activity patterns compared to their peers without autism; associated benefits and future research will be discussed.

/pdf/the-physical-activity-patterns-of-children-with-autism-3gm6jyfvrr.pdf

The physical activity patterns of children with autism

The world's population is increasing very rapidly, reducing the cultivable land of rice, decreasing table water, emerging new diseases and pests, and the climate changes are major issues that must be addressed to researchers to develop sustainable crop varieties with resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, recent scientific discoveries and advances particularly in genetics, genomics and crop physiology have opened up new opportunities to reduce the impact of these stresses which would have been difficult if not impossible as recently as the turn of the century. Marker assisted backcrossing (MABC) is one of the most promising approaches is the use of molecular markers to identify and select genes controlling resistance to those factors. Regarding this, MABC can contribute to develop resistant or high-yielding or quality rice varieties by incorporating a gene of interest into an elite variety which is already well adapted by the farmers. MABC is newly developed efficient tool by which using large population sizes (400 or more plants) for the backcross F1 generations, it is possible to recover the recurrent parent genotype using only two or three backcrosses. So far, many high yielding, biotic and abiotic stresses tolerance, quality and fragrance rice varieties have been developed in rice growing countries through MABC within the shortest timeframe. Nowadays, MABC is being used widely in plant breeding programmes to develop new variety/lines especially in rice. This paper reviews recent literature on some examples of variety/ line development using MABC strategy.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/13102818.2014.995920

Marker-assisted backcrossing: a useful method for rice improvement.

An urgent need exists to identify more brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stal, BPH) resistance genes, which will allow the development of rice varieties with resistance to BPH to counteract the increased incidence of this pest species. Here, using bioinformatics and DNA sequencing approaches, we identified a novel BPH resistance gene, LOC_Os06g03240 (MSU LOCUS ID), from the rice variety Ptb33 in the interval between the markers RM19291 and RM8072 on the short arm of chromosome 6, where a gene for resistance to BPH was mapped by Jirapong Jairin et al. and renamed as “Bph32”. This gene encodes a unique short consensus repeat (SCR) domain protein. Sequence comparison revealed that the Bph32 gene shares 100% sequence identity with its allele in Oryza latifolia. The transgenic introgression of Bph32 into a susceptible rice variety significantly improved resistance to BPH. Expression analysis revealed that Bph32 was highly expressed in the leaf sheaths, where BPH primarily settles and feeds, at 2 and 24 h after BPH infestation, suggesting that Bph32 may inhibit feeding in BPH. Western blotting revealed the presence of Pph (Ptb33) and Tph (TN1) proteins using a Penta-His antibody, and both proteins were insoluble. This study provides information regarding a valuable gene for rice defence against insect pests.

/pdf/bph32-a-novel-gene-encoding-an-unknown-scr-domain-containing-4pivklec57.pdf

Bph32 , a novel gene encoding an unknown SCR domain-containing protein, confers resistance against the brown planthopper in rice

Rice yield is subjected to severe losses due to adverse effect of a number of stress factors. The most effective method of controlling reduced crop production is utilization of host resistance. Recent technological advances have led to the improvement of DNA based molecular markers closely linked to genes or QTLs in rice chromosome that bestow tolerance to various types of abiotic stresses and resistance to biotic stress factors. Transfer of several genes with potential characteristics into a single genotype is possible through the process of marker assisted selection (MAS), which can quicken the advancement of tolerant/resistant cultivars in the lowest number of generations with the utmost precision through the process of gene pyramiding. Overall, this review presented various types of molecular tools including MAS that can be reasonable and environmental friendly approach for the improvement of abiotic and biotic stress resistant rice with enhanced quality.

/pdf/insight-into-mas-a-molecular-tool-for-development-of-stress-288n78g1b0.pdf

Insight into MAS: A Molecular Tool for Development of Stress Resistant and Quality of Rice through Gene Stacking.

Apparent amylose content (AAC), gelatinization temperature (GT), gel consistency, and pasting viscosity are important predictors of the eating and cooking qualities of rice. Great progress has been made in our understanding of the genetic and molecular bases of rice eating and cooking qualities. The Wx gene encoding granule-bound starch synthase is the major gene controlling AAC, gel consistency, and pasting viscosity; it also regulates GT as a minor gene. Starch synthase IIa (SSIIa) is the major gene responsible for GT and amylopectin branch chain length distribution; it also has minor effects on AAC, gel consistency, and pasting viscosity. The functional nucleotide polymorphisms in Wx and SSIIa and their associations with physicochemical properties have been well characterized. Molecular breeding using these functional markers of Wx and SSIIa has resulted in the development of new high-quality rice cultivars (breeding lines). A multienzyme complex model is proposed to explain different AAC-GT combinatio...

Toward Understanding the Genetic and Molecular Bases of the Eating and Cooking Qualities of Rice

Development of rice introgression lines with brown planthopper resistance and KDML105 grain quality characteristics through marker-assisted selection

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Development of rice introgression lines with brown planthopper resistance and KDML105 grain quality characteristics through marker-assisted selection