Fungi are an understudied, biotechnologically valuable group of organisms. Due to 
the immense range of habitats that fungi inhabit, and the consequent need to compete against a diverse array of other fungi, bacteria, and animals, fungi have developed numerous survival mechanisms. The unique attributes of fungi thus herald great promise for their application in biotechnology and industry. Moreover, fungi can be grown with relative ease, making production at scale viable. The search for fungal biodiversity, and the construction of a living fungi collection, both have incredible economic potential in locating organisms with novel industrial uses that will lead to novel products. This manuscript reviews fifty ways in which fungi can potentially be utilized as biotechnology. We provide notes and examples for each potential exploitation and give examples from our own work and the work of other notable researchers. We also provide a flow chart that can be used to convince funding bodies of the importance of fungi for biotechnological research and as potential products. Fungi have provided the world with penicillin, lovastatin, and other globally significant medicines, and they remain an untapped resource with enormous industrial potential.

The amazing potential of fungi: 50 ways we can exploit fungi industrially

Abstract Mangrove plants, also known as halophytes, are ecologically important plants that grow in various tropical and subtropical intertidal regions. Owing to the extreme abiotic and biotic stressful conditions they thrive in, these plants produce unique compounds with promising pharmacological propensities. Mangroves are inhabited by an astronomical number of fungal communities which produce a diverse array of extracellular degradative enzymes, namely: amylase, cellulase, xylanase, pectinase, cholesterol oxidase, etc. Such enzymes can be isolated from the mangrove fungi and harnessed for different biotechnological applications, for example, as replacements for chemical catalysts. Mangrove microbes attract considerable attention as they shelter the largest group of marine microorganisms that are resistant to extreme conditions and can produce novel biogenic substances. Vaccines developed from mangrove microbes may promise a safe future by developing effective immunization procedures with a minimum of economic burden. Interestingly, mangroves offer an exciting opportunity for synthesizing nanoparticles in a greener way as these plants are naturally rich in phytochemicals. Rhizophora mucronata Lam., Avicennia officinalis L. and Excoecaria agallocha L. are capable of synthesizing nanoparticles which have evolved recently as an alternative in various industries and are used for their biomedical application. Besides, the phytoconstituents isolated from mangrove plants, such as: gallic acid, galactose, lupeol, catechins, carotenoids, etc., were explored for various biological activities. These compounds are used in the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries to produce antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, and other therapeutic agents. The present review provides information on the biotechnological potentials of mangrove plants and their bioactive compounds as a new source of novel drugs, enzymes, nanoparticles and therapeutically important microbial pigments. Thus, this review forms a base of support and hasten the urgent research on biomedical applications of mangroves.

Biotechnological applications of mangrove plants and their isolated compounds in medicine-a mechanistic overview

Utilization of horticultural waste (Apple Pomace) for multiple carbohydrase production from Rhizopus delemar F2 under solid state fermentation.

is a genus of filamentous and cosmopolitan fungi that includes important species for medical mycology, food, basic research and agro-industry areas. Aspergillus section Nigri are efficient producer...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/21501203.2020.1823509

Aspergillus niger LBM 134 isolated from rotten wood and its potential cellulolytic ability

Fungi play a considerable role in deterioration/degradation of cultural heritage due to their enormous enzymatic activity. A total of 112 fungal isolates were identificated from selected archaeological wood objects located at different areas (Islamic Art Museum, Storage area of Cheops's Solar Boat, Excavation of Saqqara and Grand Egyptian Museum). Aspergillus spp. were predominant in all investigated samples. Thirty seven fungal isolates were screened for cellulases, pectinases and ligninases activity. Aspergillus brasiliensis Varga, Frisvad et Janos and Penicillium duclauxii Delacroix exhibited high cellulolytic activity while Aspergillus amstelodami (Mangin) Thom and Cruch and Aspergillus parasiticus Speare have high pectinolytic activity. Seven fungal species showed ligninolytic potential activity based on their ability to oxidize dyes.

/pdf/survey-for-fungal-decaying-archaeological-wood-and-their-2vpq3arswi.pdf

Survey for fungal decaying archaeological wood and their enzymatic activity.

The mangrove ecosystem serves as a bioresource for various industrially important microorganisms. The use of fungi as a source of industrially relevant enzymes led to an increased interest in the application of microbial enzymes in various industrial processes. Fungal colonies were isolated from sediments of five different mangrove ecosystems of Odisha such as Bhitarakanika, Dhamra, Mahanadi, Devi and Budhabalanga areas. Forty (40) fungal colonies were isolated and screened for amylase activity out of which five strains were found to be more active. Among the isolates IFamy value was maximum; that is, 5.2 for MSF-9. The amylase enzyme activity of MSF-9 was maximum at pH-5.0, 1% NaCl, 1% substrate and Inositol as carbon source. The most potent fungi was identified through morphological, microscopical and 18S rDNA sequence methods and identified as Penicillium citrinum -JQ249898. This strain can be better utilized in large scale industries for enzyme production. Hence further study is suggested on enzyme purification for various value-added product formation.  Keywords: Mangrove, fungi, I Famy , Penicillium citrinum , microscopical study. African Journal of Biotechnology , Vol 13(46) 4338-4346

/pdf/production-of-amylase-enzyme-from-mangrove-fungal-isolates-5d3jwnkuv6.pdf

Production of amylase enzyme from mangrove fungal isolates

Twenty five fungal strains were isolated from soil of Similipal Bioreserve Forest and screened for pectinase and cellulase activity. Aspergillus sp. was found to be predominant in the sample. Out of which, Aspergillus niger and A. flavus showed high cellulolytic and pectinolytic activity having potency index of 4.5 for IFcel and 4.1 for IFpect, respectively. Parameters like pH and temperature were optimized for the potent strains. The present study concludes that both of the strains can be further utilized for large scale industrial purpose.

/pdf/pectinolytic-and-cellulolytic-activity-of-soil-fungal-4e3xu216s2.pdf

Pectinolytic and Cellulolytic Activity of Soil Fungal Isolates From Similipal Bioreserve Forest

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Production of amylase enzyme from mangrove fungal isolates

Pectinolytic and Cellulolytic Activity of Soil Fungal Isolates From Similipal Bioreserve Forest