Single-stripe GaAs/AlGaAs semiconductor optical amplifiers which simultaneously generates from four to more than twenty tunable WDM channels. A four channel version transmits approximately 12 picosecond pulses at approximately 2.5 GHz for an aggregate pulse rate of 100 GHz. Wavelength tuning over 18 nm has been demonstrated with channel spacing ranging from approximately 0.8 nm to approximately 2 nm. A second version uses approximately 20 wavelength channels, each transmitting approximately 12 picosecond pulses at a rate of approximately 600 MHz. A spectral correlation across the multiwavelength spectrum which can be for utilizing single stripe laser diodes as multiwavelength sources in WDM-TDM networks. A third version of multiple wavelength generation uses a fiber-array and grating. And a fourth version of wavelength generation uses a Fabry-Perot Spectral filter. Also solid state laser sources and optical fiber laser sources can be used.

/pdf/multiwavelength-modelocked-semiconductor-diode-laser-cer410079e.pdf

Multiwavelength modelocked semiconductor diode laser

We review the main challenges and give design guidelines for high-peak-power high-average-power fiber-based chirped-pulse amplification (CPA) systems. It is clearly pointed out that the lowest order fiber nonlinearity (NL), namely the self-phase modulation, limits the scalability of high-energy ultrashort pulse fiber amplifiers. Therefore, a distinguished difference arises between the consequences of accumulated nonlinear phase originating from the pulse envelope and initial weak modulations, resulting in a strong recommendation to operate an amplification system as linearly as possible in order to generate high-contrast pulses. Low-NL rare-earth-doped fibers, such as the recently available designs of photonic crystal fibers, are the key element for successful peak power scaling in fiber laser systems. In this paper, we present a detailed analysis and optimization of the extraction characteristics in connection with the accumulated nonlinear phase in such extreme fiber dimensions. Consequently, millijoule pulse energy femtosecond pulses at repetition rates in the 100 kHz range have already been demonstrated experimentally in a Yb-fiber-based CPA system that has even further scaling potential.

High Repetition Rate Gigawatt Peak Power Fiber Laser Systems: Challenges, Design, and Experiment

We investigate the laser-assisted photoelectric effect from a solid surface. By illuminating a $\mathrm{Pt}(111)$ sample simultaneously with ultrashort 1.6 and $42\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$ pulses, we observe sidebands in the extreme ultraviolet photoemission spectrum, and accurately extract their amplitudes over a wide range of laser intensities. Our results agree with a simple model, in which soft x-ray photoemission is accompanied by the interaction of the photoemitted electron with the laser field. This strong effect can definitively be distinguished from other laser surface interaction phenomena, such as hot electron excitation, above-threshold photoemission, and space-charge acceleration. Thus, laser-assisted photoemission from surfaces promises to extend pulse duration measurements to higher photon energies, as well as opening up measurements of femtosecond-to-attosecond electron dynamics in solid and surface-adsorbate systems.

Laser-assisted photoemission from surfaces

Since the first demonstration of the generation of attosecond pulses (1 as = 10−18 s) in the extreme-ultraviolet spectral region, several measurement techniques have been introduced, at the beginning for the temporal characterization of the pulses, and immediately after for the investigation of electronic and nuclear ultrafast dynamics in atoms, molecules and solids with unprecedented temporal resolution. The attosecond spectroscopic tools established in the last two decades, together with the development of sophisticated theoretical methods for the interpretation of the experimental outcomes, allowed to unravel and investigate physical processes never observed before, such as the delay in photoemission from atoms and solids, the motion of electrons in molecules after prompt ionization which precede any notable nuclear motion, the temporal evolution of the tunneling process in dielectrics, and many others. This review focused on applications of attosecond techniques to the investigation of ultrafast processes in atoms, molecules and solids. Thanks to the introduction and ongoing developments of new spectroscopic techniques, the attosecond science is rapidly moving towards the investigation, understanding and control of coupled electron–nuclear dynamics in increasingly complex systems, with ever more accurate and complete investigation techniques. Here we will review the most common techniques presenting the latest results in atoms, molecules and solids.

https://re.public.polimi.it/bitstream/11311/1219390/1/ROPP-101457_Proof_hi.pdf

Attosecond spectroscopy for the investigation of ultrafast dynamics in atomic, molecular and solid-state physics

Time-resolved valence band photoelectron spectroscopy with a temporal resolution of 135 fs is used to map the entire occupied valence electronic structure of photoexcited gas-phase Br2 molecules during dissociation. The observed shifting and mixing of valence energy levels defines a transition period where the system appears to be intermediate between atoms and molecules. The surprisingly short bond breaking or dissociation time is determined by monitoring in real time how the photoelectron multiplet structure of the free atom arises from the valence states of the photoexcited molecule.

Real-time evolution of the valence electronic structure in a dissociating molecule

We demonstrate low-pump-power operation of a self-mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser. Stable, sub-20-fs duration pulses, with output powers of 35–100 mW, were obtained for pump powers in the range of 400 mW–1 W. Our design uses a tight focusing geometry for both the argon-ion and Ti:sapphire beams within the Ti:sapphire crystal, which significantly reduces the pump-power requirements.

Low-threshold operation of an ultrashort-pulse mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser

In this work, we use excite-probe photoelectron spectroscopy to study the decay of electronic excitation in tris(8-hydroxy quinoline) aluminum (Alq) doped with the organic dye 4-dicyanomethylene-2-methyl-6-(p-dimethylaminostyryl)-4H-pyran (DCM). Ultrashort laser pulses are used to photoexcite electrons into unoccupied molecular orbitals, and the ensuing decay rate is directly observed using photoelectron spectroscopy. Decay of the electronic excitation is studied as a function of DCM doping percentage and excitation intensity. The decay rate is seen to increase with both doping percentage and excitation intensity. These data are explained using a model including Forster transfer, stimulated emission, concentration quenching, and bimolecular singlet–singlet exciton annihilation. In this model, we find that it is necessary to include a very fast (faster than predicted in standard Forster transfer theory) excitation transfer of a fraction of the excitation from the Alq to the DCM, where that fraction corresp...

Excitation dynamics of dye doped tris(8-hydroxy quinoline) aluminum films studied using time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy

Aggressively cooling ultrafast lasers results in a sharp reduction in thermallens-induced aberrations and more-versatile systems that are cost-effective for a variety of applications.

Cryogenic cooling multiplies output of Ti:sapphire laser

The lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) in the two blue-light-emitting organic luminescent materials bis(2-methyl-8-quinolinolato)(para-phenyl-phenolato)aluminum and 1,4-bis(2,2-diphenylvinyl)biphenyl was studied by femtosecond laser pump-and-probe photoemission and compared with tris(8-hydroxyquinoline)aluminum. We have determined the energy gap between the LUMO and the highest occupied molecular orbital and studied the LUMO decay dynamics in these materials. The differences in decay rates are shown to be related to the morphology of the evaporated films.

Electron dynamics in unoccupied molecular orbitals of two blue-light-emitting organic electroluminescent materials

We demonstrate a Ti:sapphire ultrafast laser-amplifier system, that exhibits an unprecedented performance of 10 mJ pulse energy at 1 kHz, in a sub-30-fs pulse. This performance is obtained using closed loop cryogenic cooling.

Compact 10 mJ, kilohertz repetition-rate ultrafast laser system

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