As the Internet of Things (IoT) penetrates our everyday lives, being used to address a wide variety of real-life challenges and problems, the location of things becomes an important parameter. The exact location of measuring the physical world through IoT is highly relevant to understand local environmental conditions, or to develop powerful, personalized and context-aware location-based services and applications. This survey paper maps and analyzes the IoT based on its location dimension, categorizing IoT applications and projects according to the geospatial analytical methods performed. The survey investigates the opportunities of location-aware IoT, and examines the potential of geospatial analysis in this research area.

https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/7/7/269/pdf

Geospatial Analysis and the Internet of Things

Water shortages and deterioration of water quality become more serious as a result of industrial development and urbanization, but both can be mitigated by optimal management of environmental flows. In this paper, we used Baiyangdian Lake as a case study of this form of management. We divided the lake into 13 sub-areas using GIS software, and analyzed water-quality processes in each sub-area using an eutrophication model based on the WASP 7 software. The model considered the dissolved oxygen content, the nitrogen and phosphorus cycles, and phytoplankton growth. We used monitoring data for Baiyangdian Lake to parameterize and validate the model. Using the model, we then analyzed water quality variations for different non-point-source pollution load scenarios and artificial water release scenarios to reveal the relationships between water quality and these factors. We found that return water such as industrial wastewater and domestic sewage with a large organic load worsened eutrophication, whereas reducing pollutant loads, transferring water into the lake, or a combination of the two approaches improved water quality. The detailed spatial distribution of water quality supplied key information to support further analysis of ecological water demand and water allocation. Our simulation revealed environmental flows of 3.87E8, 3.70E8, and 3.23E8 m3/a, respectively, for scenarios with pollutant load reductions of 30, 50, and 90% under various water-release strategies. On this basis, we propose optimal water quality management strategies for Baiyangdian Lake to improve its water environment.

/pdf/strategies-for-managing-environmental-flows-based-on-the-26j5886ouu.pdf

Strategies for Managing Environmental Flows Based On the Spatial Distribution of Water Quality: A Case Study of Baiyangdian Lake, China

The Laurentian Great Lakes of North America contain approximately 20% of the earth’s fresh water. Smaller lakes, rivers and channels connect the lakes to the St. Lawrence Seaway, creating an interconnected freshwater and marine ecosystem. The largest delta system in the Great Lakes is located in the northeastern portion of Lake St. Clair. This article focuses on the geovisualization of total mercury pollution from sediment samples that were collected in 1970, 1974 and 2001. To assess contamination patterns, dot maps were created and compared with surfaces that were generated using the kriging spatial interpolation technique. Bathymetry data were utilized in geovisualization procedures to develop three-dimensional representations of the contaminant surfaces. Lake St. Clair generally has higher levels of contamination in deeper parts of the lake, in the dredged shipping route through the lake and in proximity to the main outflow channels through the St. Clair delta. Mercury pollution levels were well above the Probable Effect Level in large portions of the lake in both 1970 and 1974. Lower contaminant concentrations were observed in the 2001 data. Lake-wide spatial distributions are discernable using the kriging technique; however, they are much more apparent when they are geovisualized using bathymetry data.

https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/4/1/19/pdf

Geovisualization of Mercury Contamination in Lake St. Clair Sediments

Phytoremediation represents an efficient ecological solution for treating the polluted soils through the use of plants. This is a passive process, with low costs, appropriate for the limitation of the risk of hazardous wastes in the case of in-depth contaminated soil. This paper presents a research with a novel result on soil remediation through phytoremediation in the upper Mures river basin, situated in the east-central Romania. The research focuses on the experiments performed using the following three crops: spring wheat, spring rape and soybean for the phytoremediation of polluted soil by the following combination of heavy metals: As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn and Ni. The main objective was to determine the ability of the studied crop plants cultures in the climate region of Mures County to reduce the heavy metals concentration in soils contaminated by industrial activities. The proposed phytoremediation solution enables efficient remediation of soils polluted by the activities of chemical platforms located in the upper Mures river basin, giving to the treated soil the potential of natural preservation of its physical, chemical and biological properties. The obtained research results show that the phytoremediation potential of the heavy metals, except the nickel, for the three plants, is similar (it is not statistically different) in the neighbourhood regions of the two studied chemical platforms. The choice of one of the three plants for phytoremediation should be made based on other considerations than the phytoremediation potential, like the financial investment, etc.

/pdf/analysis-of-phytoremediation-potential-of-crop-plants-in-mum9lewd58.pdf

Analysis of Phytoremediation Potential of Crop Plants in Industrial Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil in the Upper Mures River Basin

Anthracene and arsenic contamination concentrations at various depths in the Buffalo River were analyzed in this study. Anthracene is known to cause damage to human skin and arsenic has been linked to lung and liver cancer. The Buffalo River is labelled as an Area of Concern defined by the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement between Canada and the United States. It has a long history of industrial activity located in its near vicinity that has contributed to its pollution. An ordinary kriging spatial interpolation technique was used to calculate estimates between sample locations for anthracene and arsenic at various depths. The results show that both anthracene and arsenic surface sediment (0–30 cm) is less contaminated than all subsurface depths. There is variability of pollution within the different subsurface levels (30–60 cm, 60–90 cm, 90–120 cm, 120–150 cm) and along the river course, but major clusters are identified throughout all depths for both anthracene and arsenic.

/pdf/assessing-anthracene-and-arsenic-contamination-within-5fc43oedhb.pdf

Assessing Anthracene and Arsenic Contamination within Buffalo River Sediments

This study analyzed zinc contamination concentrations in Lake Ontario sediments. While trace amounts of zinc are important for overall biotic health, large quantities can lead to toxic ecosystem contamination. The data that were utilized in this research were collected as part of the Environment Canada Gr eat Lakes Sediment Assessment Program. Geospatial analysis has become increasingly important when examining spatial trends. A GIS-based kriging technique was utilized to interpolate contamination estimates between sampling locations. The Canadian federal government specifies the Threshold Effect Level (TEL) and Probable Effect Level (PEL) for sediment contamination. The TEL refers to the concentration below which adverse biological effects are expected to occur rarely, while the PEL defines the level above which adverse biological effects are expected to occur frequently. The historical and contemporary results indicate that areas of the lake have zinc concentrations that are above the PEL and represent a degree of enrichment of roughly twice the historical background levels. These are mostly associated with the major depositional basins in Lake Ontario with the southern parts of lake having higher concentrations than those in the north. This is related to the eastward flowing current along the southern shore which act s to transport contaminants from Canadian and American industrial estates towards the depositional basins, and bathymetry as the three primary deep-water depositional basins extend much closer to the southern shoreline, compared to the northern shoreline. The kriging analysis has provided an additional communication tool and means of influencing management options and decisions.

/pdf/geospatial-analysis-of-zinc-contamination-in-lake-ontario-11gwbe996x.pdf

Geospatial Analysis of Zinc Contamination in Lake Ontario Sediments

Longleaf pine once covered 37 million hectares in the southern United States. However, it currently occupies only 5% of the original area. Efforts have been ongoing for the last decade to restore longleaf pine. The expected expansion in the area under longleaf pine has raised concern among wood-consuming mills regarding a potential increase in the total wood procurement cost, as wood availability per unit of land is typically lower for longleaf than for loblolly and slash pines for the first few decades. Therefore, a simulation model was developed in this study, examining the impact of the gradual adoption of longleaf pine by landowners on the total wood procurement cost of a pulp mill located in South Georgia over a 40-year simulation period. Results show no statistically significant difference between scenarios for maximum distance, total cost, and total distance over the simulation period. Our study will guide stakeholder groups to balance the needs for longleaf pine restoration and the reduced cost of wood procurement for wood-consuming mills.

/pdf/assessing-changes-in-pulpwood-procurement-cost-relative-to-294615xi.pdf

Assessing Changes in Pulpwood Procurement Cost Relative to the Gradual Adoption of Longleaf Pine at the Landscape Level: A Case Study from Georgia, United States

Deforestation continues at rapid rates despite global conservation efforts. Evidence suggests that governance may play a critical role in influencing deforestation, and while a number of studies have demonstrated a clear relationship between national-level governance and deforestation, much remains to be known about the relative importance of subnational governance to deforestation outcomes. With a focus on the Brazilian Amazon, this study aims to understand the relationship between governance and deforestation at the municipal level. Drawing on the World Bank Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI) as a guiding conceptual framework, and incorporating the additional dimension of environmental governance, we identified a wide array of publicly available data sources related to governance indicators that we used to select relevant governance variables. We compiled a dataset of 22 municipal-level governance variables covering the 2005–2018 period for 457 municipalities in the Brazilian Amazon. Using an econometric approach, we tested the relationship between governance variables and deforestation rates in a fixed-effects panel regression analysis. We found that municipalities with increasing numbers of agricultural companies tended to have higher rates of deforestation, municipalities with an environmental fund tended to have lower rates of deforestation, and municipalities that had previously elected a female mayor tended to have lower rates of deforestation. These results add to the wider conversation on the role of local-level governance, revealing that certain governance variables may contribute to halting deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon.

What’s governance got to do with it? Examining the relationship between governance and deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon

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Geospatial Analysis of Zinc Contamination in Lake Ontario Sediments

Assessing Changes in Pulpwood Procurement Cost Relative to the Gradual Adoption of Longleaf Pine at the Landscape Level: A Case Study from Georgia, United States

What’s governance got to do with it? Examining the relationship between governance and deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon