As renewable energy increasingly penetrates into power grid systems, new challenges arise for system operators to keep the systems reliable under uncertain circumstances, while ensuring high utilization of renewable energy. With the naturally intermittent renewable energy, such as wind energy, playing more important roles, system robustness becomes a must. In this paper, we propose a robust optimization approach to accommodate wind output uncertainty, with the objective of providing a robust unit commitment schedule for the thermal generators in the day-ahead market that minimizes the total cost under the worst wind power output scenario. Robust optimization models the randomness using an uncertainty set which includes the worst-case scenario, and protects this scenario under the minimal increment of costs. In our approach, the power system will be more reliable because the worst-case scenario has been considered. In addition, we introduce a variable to control the conservatism of our model, by which we can avoid over-protection. By considering pumped-storage units, the total cost is reduced significantly.

Robust Unit Commitment With Wind Power and Pumped Storage Hydro

Nonthermal plasma--A tool for decontamination and disinfection.

This report tries to first generalize the requirements of the power system as it relates to the needs of operating reserves. It also includes a survey of operating reserves and how they are managed internationally in system operations today and then how new studies and research are proposing they may be managed in the future with higher penetrations of variable generation.

/pdf/operating-reserves-and-variable-generation-56t8rxsezh.pdf

Operating Reserves and Variable Generation

The global food system makes a significant contribution to climate changing greenhouse gas emissions with all stages in the supply chain, from agricultural production through processing, distribution, retailing, home food preparation and waste, playing a part. It also gives rise to other major environmental impacts, including biodiversity loss and water extraction and pollution. Policy makers are increasingly aware of the need to address these concerns, but at the same time they are faced with a growing burden of food security and nutrition-related problems, and tasked with ensuring that there is enough food to meet the needs of a growing global population. In short, more people need to be fed better, with less environmental impact. How might this be achieved? Broadly, three main ‘takes’ or perspectives, on the issues and their interactions, appear to be emerging. Depending on one's view point, the problem can be conceptualised as a production challenge, in which case there is a need to change how food is produced by improving the unit efficiency of food production; a consumption challenge, which requires changes to the dietary drivers that determine food production; or a socio-economic challenge, which requires changes in how the food system is governed. This paper considers these perspectives in turn, their implications for nutrition and climate change, and their strengths and weaknesses. Finally, an argument is made for a reorientation of policy thinking which uses the insights provided by all three perspectives, rather than, as is the situation today, privileging one over the other.

/pdf/food-sustainability-problems-perspectives-and-solutions-25s2i1mbkp.pdf

Food sustainability: problems, perspectives and solutions

Many sources of renewable energy, including solar, wind, and ocean wave, offer significant advantages such as no fuel costs and no emissions from generation. However, in most cases these renewable power sources are variable and nondispatchable. The utility grid is already able to accommodate the variability of the load and some additional variability introduced by sources such as wind. However, at high penetration levels, the variability of renewable power sources can severely impact the utility reserve requirements. This paper presents an analysis of the interaction between the variability characteristics of the utility load, wind power generation, solar power generation, and ocean wave power generation. The results show that a diversified variable renewable energy mix can reduce the utility reserve requirement and help reduce the effects of variability.

Reserve Requirement Impacts of Large-Scale Integration of Wind, Solar, and Ocean Wave Power Generation

With the higher levels of wind power and other renewable generation now included in the North American electrical system, operational information plays an increasing role in the decisions that grid operators are asked to make on a daily basis. While wind forecasting was something that was considered a luxury only a few years ago, it is critical to today's operation. There are other solutions that the industry is developing to incorporate high levels of wind, such as demand-side management, developing flexible resources to accommodate ramping and cycling needs, and developing larger BAs and market tools to allow the development of ancillary services. But wind forecasting will always be a crucial part of the solution and the primary tool that grid operators will rely on to implement policies and procedures to reliably and economically operate the system.

Change in the air

This article focuses on the latest trends and enhancements emerging in system operations as wind penetrations grow. We discuss technical improvements, current and pending market changes for very high levels of variable generation, the value of forecasting improvements, and the collaborative work that may lead to improved forecasting. This is work at the cutting edge, gathering the latest examples that the authors believe to be of special interest, and we expect this area to remain vibrant and dynamic for many years to come.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/8014/6049615/06049617.pdf

Atmospheric Pressure

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