Human secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) is an 11.7-kDa cationic protein and a member of the innate immunity-associated proteins. It is a nonglycosylated, highly basic, acid-stable, cysteine-rich, 107-amino acid, single-chain polypeptide ([50][1]). The SLPI gene, along with the elafin

Anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial roles of secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor.

Multifaceted roles of human elafin and secretory leukocyte proteinase inhibitor (SLPI), two serine protease inhibitors of the chelonianin family.

National Research Council and Institute of Medicine

Washington, DC:National Academies Press, 2004. 210 pp. ISBN: 0-309-09249-3, $44.95 cloth.

Children’s Health, The Nation’s Wealth: Assessing and Improving Child Health examines the information needed to help policymakers and program service providers improve and monitor children’s health. This report from the Committee on Evaluation of Children’s Health (National Research Council and Institute of Medicine) focuses on population health issues related to children and provides a framework for measurement of children’s health. It does not recommend specific measures to monitor children’s health. The report summarizes what is known about the health of children and why children’s health is important. The term “children” is used to refer to the ages between birth and 18 years of age. Children’s health is defined as “the extent to which individual children or groups of children are able or enabled to (a) develop and realize their potential, (b) satisfy their needs, and (c) develop the capacities that allow them to interact successfully with their biological, physical, and social environments.” The committee highlights a new conceptual model of children’s health and its influences, which are multiple, interactive, and changing over the course of childhood. This model depicts the relative importance and interaction of social environment, biology, physical environment, and behavior for children’s health over the course of development, as well as the service and policy contexts in which children live.

Critical differences between children and adults are emphasized, as are the special developmental issues of different age groups of children. The authors note improvements in U.S. children’s health over the past century, as measured by reduced infant mortality, reduced morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases and accidental causes, increased access to health care, and reduced environmental contaminants, such as lead. Despite progress in these areas, national indicators suggest that significant disparities in children’s health still exist. A thorough summary of how national health surveys address children’s health is provided; however, these data do not provide enough detail at the state and local levels for examining the origins of these differences. Major questions remain about how to assess the status of children’s health, what factors should be monitored, and the appropriate measurement tools that should be used. Insufficient data exist at the federal, state, and local levels to design and evaluate public health prevention and intervention programs and to monitor their effectiveness. Existing data systems are underused for these purposes and present several challenges for use in examining trends in children’s health indicators.

The title of the report is somewhat misleading because there is little emphasis on the connection between children’s health and the national economy (“wealth”) either in terms of burden of disease or cost-effectiveness analyses of programs. However, socioeconomic disparities in health are discussed throughout in the context of missing or insufficient data. This new report describes the information needed to improve decision making and devotes significant attention to the need for coordination and cooperation among agencies regarding data integration, standardization, and data sharing agreements. The new children’s health model recommends that policymakers should adopt a broader view of children’s health and implement innovative methodologies to assess both current conditions and emerging threats to children’s health.

Clearly, the title asserts that children are vital assets to our society. Overall, the report is an important contribution to a strategic plan for ensuring the health of future generations.

Children’s Health, The Nation’s Wealth: Assessing and Improving Child Health.

Purified human neutrophil elastase (HNE) and a crude extract of human neutrophils (EXT) were administered intratracheally to hamsters, and their effects were determined 21 and 56 days later by measurement of lung statics and dynamics and by light microscopy and morphometry of the lungs. A dose of 450 micrograms of HNE (HNE 450) produced focal emphysema of moderate severity. The combination of HNE 450 and EXT (HNE 450 + EXT) produced no more severe emphysema than HNE 450 alone; EXT alone did not produce emphysema. The HNE 450, HNE 450 + EXT, and EXT all produced persistent secretory cell metaplasia in large intrapulmonary airways. In a second experiment, 40 micrograms of HNE (elastolytic activity equivalent to that in EXT), designated HNE 40, did not produce secretory cell metaplasia. Neither EXT nor EXT treated with the elastase inhibitor suc-ala-ala-pro-val chloromethyl ketone (EXT + CMK), which had a residual elastolytic activity equivalent to 15 micrograms of HNE, produced emphysema; both preparations caused bronchial secretory cell metaplasia 21 days after treatment. Values of maximal expiratory flow, measured 21 days after treatment, were reduced at points between 20 and 50% of vital capacity for HNE 450 and between 30 and 80% of vital capacity for HNE 450 + EXT; maximal expiratory flows were not significantly different from saline controls for HNE 40, EXT, or EXT + CMK.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Emphysema and bronchial secretory cell metaplasia induced in hamsters by human neutrophil products

Elastases: Catalytic and Biological Properties

Ohlsson, K. & Tegner, H. Inhibition of Elastase from Granulocytes by the Low Molecular Weight Bronchial Protease Inhibitor. Scand. J. clin. Lab. Invest. 36, 437–445, 1976.The low molecular weight bronchial protease inhibitor isolated from purulent bronchial secretions of man was shown to be a potent inhibitor of the elastase from human granulocytes. At a molar ratio of 1:1, the inhibitor prevented elastase digestion of insoluble elastin and soluble elastin, and blocked the hydrolysis of t-BOC-L-alanine-p-nitrophenyl ester. The collagen-olytic activity of granulocyte collagenase was not inhibited by the bronchial inhibitor. Antisera were raised in rabbits for the isolation of specific IgG fractions in order to localize and quantitate the inhibitor. 125I-labelled inhibitor was used to study enzyme interactions further by gel filtration. These studies demonstrated that the bronchial inhibitor formed firm complexes with granulocyte elastase but did not form complexes with granulocyte collagenase.

Inhibition of Elastase from Granulocytes by the Low Molecular Weight Bronchial Protease Inhibitor

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Inhibition of Elastase from Granulocytes by the Low Molecular Weight Bronchial Protease Inhibitor