Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) technology is being considered for the forward muon upgrade of the CMS experiment in Phase 2 of the CERN LHC. Its first implementation is planned for the GE1/1 system in the 1.5 <| η |< 2.2 region of the muon endcap mainly to control muon level-1 trigger rates after the second long LHC shutdown. A GE1/1 triple-GEM detector is read out by 3,072 radial strips with 455 µrad pitch arranged in eight η-sectors. We assembled a full-size GE1/1 prototype of 1m length at Florida Tech and tested it in 20–120 GeV hadron beams at Fermilab using Ar/CO2 70∶30 and the RD51 scalable readout system. Four small GEM detectors with 2-D readout and an average measured azimuthal resolution of 36 µrad provided precise reference tracks. Construction of this largest GEM detector built to-date is described. Strip cluster parameters, detection efficiency, and spatial resolution are studied with position and high voltage scans. The plateau detection efficiency is [97.1 ± 0.2 (stat)]%. The azimuthal resolution is found to be [123.5 ± 1.6 (stat)] µrad when operating in the center of the efficiency plateau and using full pulse height information. The resolution can be slightly improved by ∼ 10 µrad when correcting for the bias due to discrete readout strips. The CMS upgrade design calls for readout electronics with binary hit output. When strip clusters are formed correspondingly without charge-weighting and with fixed hit thresholds, a position resolution of [136.8 ± 2.5 stat] µrad is measured, consistent with the expected resolution of strip-pitch/equation µrad. Other η-sectors of the detector show similar response and performance.

Performance of a large-area GEM detector prototype for the upgrade of the CMS muon endcap system

The geometric-mean method is often used to estimate the spatial resolution of a position-sensitive detector probed by tracks. It calculates the resolution solely from measured track data without using a detailed tracking simulation and without considering multiple Coulomb scattering effects. Two separate linear track fits are performed on the same data, one excluding and the other including the hit from the probed detector. The geometric mean of the widths of the corresponding exclusive and inclusive residual distributions for the probed detector is then taken as a measure of the intrinsic spatial resolution of the probed detector: $\sigma=\sqrt{\sigma_{ex}\cdot\sigma_{in}}$. The validity of this method is examined for a range of resolutions with a stand-alone Geant4 Monte Carlo simulation that specifically takes multiple Coulomb scattering in the tracking detector materials into account. Using simulated as well as actual tracking data from a representative beam test scenario, we find that the geometric-mean method gives systematically inaccurate spatial resolution results. Good resolutions are estimated as poor and vice versa. The more the resolutions of reference detectors and probed detector differ, the larger the systematic bias. An attempt to correct this inaccuracy by statistically subtracting multiple-scattering effects from geometric-mean results leads to resolutions that are typically too optimistic by 10-50\%. This supports an earlier critique of this method based on simulation studies that did not take multiple scattering into account.

Accuracy of the geometric-mean method for determining spatial resolutions of tracking detectors in the presence of multiple Coulomb scattering

The geometric-mean method is often used to estimate the spatial resolution of a position-sensitive detector probed by tracks. It calculates the resolution solely from measured track data without using a detailed tracking simulation and without considering multiple Coulomb scattering effects. Two separate linear track fits are performed on the same data, one excluding and the other including the hit from the probed detector. The geometric mean of the widths of the corresponding exclusive and inclusive residual distributions for the probed detector is then taken as a measure of the intrinsic spatial resolution of the probed detector: σ=√σexσin. The validity of this method is examined for a range of resolutions with a stand-alone Geant4 Monte Carlo simulation that specifically takes multiple Coulomb scattering in the tracking detector materials into account. Using simulated as well as actual tracking data from a representative beam test scenario, we find that the geometric-mean method gives systematically inaccurate spatial resolution results. Good resolutions are estimated as poor and vice versa. The more the resolutions of reference detectors and probed detector differ, the larger the systematic bias. An attempt to correct this inaccuracy by statistically subtracting multiple-scattering effects from geometric-mean results leads to resolutions that are typically too optimistic by 10–50%. This supports an earlier critique of this method based on simulation studies that did not take multiple scattering into account.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-0221/11/06/P06012/pdf

We report on the R&D effort in the design and construction of a large size Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) for the Proton Polarimeter Back Tracker (BT) of the Super Bigbite Spectrometer (SBS) in Hall A at Thomas Jefferson National Laboratory (JLab). The SBS BT GEM trackers consist of two sets of five large GEM chambers of size 60×200 cm 2 . The GEM chamber is a vertical stack of four GEM modules, each with an active area of 60×50 cm 2 . We have built and tested several prototypes and the construction of GEM modules for SBS BT is ongoing. We describe in this paper the design and construction of the GEM module prototype as well as the preliminary results on performance from tests carried out in our detector lab and during test beam at Fermi National Laboratory (Fermilab).

Large size GEM for Super Bigbite Spectrometer (SBS) polarimeter for Hall A 12 GeV program at JLab

The spatial resolution of a detector, using a reference detector telecscope, can be measured applying the geometric mean method, with tracks reconstructed from hits of all the detectors, including (σin) and excluding (σex) the hit from the detector under study. The geometric mean of the two measured resolution values (σ = √σexσin), is proposed to provide a more accurate estimate of the intrinsic detector resolution. This method has been tested using a Monte Carlo algorithm and is proven to give accurate results, independently of the distance between the detectors used for the track fitting. The method does not give meaningful results if all the detectors do not carry the same characteristics.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-0221/9/01/P01003/pdf

Examining the geometric mean method for the extraction of spatial resolution

The spatial resolution of a detector, using a reference detector telecscope, can be measured applying the geometric mean method, with tracks reconstructed from hits of all the detectors, including ($\sigma_\mathrm{in}$) and excluding ($\sigma_\mathrm{ex}$) the hit from the detector under study The geometric mean of the two measured resolution values ($\sigma=\sqrt{\sigma_\mathrm{ex}\sigma_\mathrm{in}}$), is proposed to provide a more accurate estimate of the intrinsic detector resolution This method has been tested using a Monte Carlo algorithm and is proven to give accurate results, independently of the distance between the detectors used for the track fitting The method does not give meaningful results if all the detectors do not carry the same characteristics

Examining the Geometric Mean Method for the Extraction of Spatial Resolution

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Examining the geometric mean method for the extraction of spatial resolution

Examining the Geometric Mean Method for the Extraction of Spatial Resolution