Worldwide occurrence and effects of antifouling paint booster biocides in the aquatic environment: a review

Antifouling strategies: History and regulation, ecological impacts and mitigation

Assessment of two extraction methods to determine pesticides in soils, sediments and sludges. Application to the Túria River Basin.

Phenylurea herbicides are world widely used for controlling the development of various broad leaf weeds in cereal crops. Despite their agronomic interest, these herbicides are of environmental concern because they are often detected at concentrations above the threshold concentration imposed by legislation in soil and water worldwide. Understanding the fate of these pollutants is as such of major importance and has been the subject of many scientific studies in the last decades. This review article presents an overview of the abiotic and biotic processes governing the environmental fate of phenylurea herbicides after their application to agricultural fields. More precisely, it highlights the pivotal role of biodegradation in natural attenuation of pesticides in agricultural soils. The recent advances in the microbial aspects of their degradation in the field as well as in pure cultures are presented including metabolic pathways, processes, and factors that control the biodegradation of phenylurea herbicides.

Abiotic and Biotic Processes Governing the Fate of Phenylurea Herbicides in Soils: A Review

Hazard assessments of Irgarol 1051, diuron, 2-(thiocyanomethylthio)benzothiazole (TCMTB), dichloro-octylisothiazolin (DCOIT), chlorothalonil, dichlofluanid, thiram, zinc pyrithione, copper pyrithione, triphenylborane pyridine (TPBP), capsaicin, nonivamide, tralopyril and medetomidine were performed to establish robust environmental quality standards (EQS), based on predicted no effect concentrations (PNECs). Microalgae, zooplankton, fish and amphibians were the most sensitive ecological groups to all the antifoulants evaluated, especially in the early life stages. No differences were identified between freshwater and seawater species. The use of toxicity tests with non-standard species is encouraged because they increase the datasets, allowing EQS to be derived from probabilistic-based PNECs whilst reducing uncertainties. The global ban of tributyltin (TBT) has been heralded as a major environmental success; however, substitute antifoulants may also pose risks to aquatic ecosystems. Environmental risk assessments (ERAs) have driven decision-makings for regulating antifouling products, but in many countries there is still a lack of regulation of antifouling biocides which should be addressed.

/pdf/review-ecotoxicity-of-organic-and-organo-metallic-3m68365yrq.pdf

Review: ecotoxicity of organic and organo-metallic antifouling co-biocides and implications for environmental hazard and risk assessments in aquatic ecosystems

A method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of antifouling pesticides and some of their degradation products, e.g. dichlofluanid, diuron, demethyldiuron, 1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)urea, sea-nine, Irgarol 1051 and one of its metabolites (2-methylthio-4-tert-butylamino-s-triazine) in marine sediments. The determination of these compounds in sediment samples was performed by means of methanolic ultrasonic extraction then clean-up on an Isolute ENV+ solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridge. The resulting extract was then analyzed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with atmospheric-pressure chemical-ionization mass spectrometry in negative and positive ion modes (HPLC–APCI–MS). Recovery ranged from 54–109% for the antifouling agents and their degradation products. The determination limits for the different compounds varied between 0.2 and 1.6 μg kg–1 dry sediment.

Determination of antifouling pesticides and their degradation products in marine sediments by means of ultrasonic extraction and HPLC-APCI-MS.

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Determination of antifouling pesticides and their degradation products in marine sediments by means of ultrasonic extraction and HPLC-APCI-MS.