It is no longer unfamiliar to the world that usage of fossil-derived fuel is accompanied by several downsides, including environmental fatality associated with toxic gas emissions from diesel engines and the recurring surging price of diesel fuel. The concern regarding the exploitation of natural resources and subsequent environmental threats has caught the attention of all nations. Therefore, scientists have stepped forward to come up with the most suitable alternative to conventional diesel fuel. They utilized abundance oil feedstocks and performed transesterification reactions with short-chain alcohols to produce less toxic, eco-friendly diesel fuel termed Biodiesel which was considered to be a viable substitute. In order to carry out the transesterification reaction feasibly, certain homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts were employed. Heterogeneous catalysts got more recognition among researchers; however, many of these catalysts did not attain large-scale production. Among many heterogeneous catalysts, calcium oxide (CaO) appeared to be one of the most suitable heterogeneous solid base catalysts for biodiesel synthesis. CaO can be derived chemically as well as from natural sources such as chicken eggshells, snail shells, biont shells and many more. CaO exhibits high catalytic activity to perform transesterification reactions. Additionally, CaO is a cheap and eco-friendly catalyst that can also be used as support material for various catalyst systems. Constructing effective CaO-based catalysts for industrial biodiesel production unlocks the scope for process advancements in this area. This paper aims to review the catalytic performances of recently reported CaO as heterogeneous solid-base catalytic systems for the production of biodiesel. Moreover, the catalyst preparation conditions, various reaction parameters, properties of biodiesel obtained, advantages and disadvantages, life cycle assessment, and circular economy discussed. 

Advances in CaO-Based Catalysts for Sustainable Biodiesel Synthesis

This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of Spathodea Campanulata derived activated carbon in removing methylene blue (MB) from wastewater. The activated carbon was prepared through chemical impregnation with H3PO4 and thermal activation at 500 °C for 2 h. The adsorption experiments were optimized using 24 full factorial designs, considering pH, contact time, initial MB concentration, and adsorbent dosage as parameters. The characterization of the activated carbon revealed favorable properties, including multiple surface functional groups, a maximum specific surface area of 1054 m2/g, and a highly porous surface morphology. The optimized conditions achieved a maximum removal efficiency of 99.95%, with pH 9, a contact time of 120 min, a dye concentration of 90 mg/L, and an adsorbent dosage of 0.2 g/100 mL being the most effective parameters. The Freundlich isotherm model provided the best fit to the experimental data, indicating a heterogeneous and multilayer adsorbent surface. The kinetics study indicated that chemisorption was the primary mechanism. In conclusion, the study indicated that Spathodea Campanulata based activated carbon could serve as a cost-effective adsorbent for removing MB from aqueous solutions 

Methylene blue adsorption from aqueous solution using activated carbon of spathodea campanulata

Modelling and statistical interpretation of phenol adsorption behaviour of 3-Dimensional hybrid aerogel of waste-derived carbon nanotubes and graphene oxide

Abstract Despite the increasing global need for sustainable energy, biomass gasification is becoming a highly promising method for transforming raw biomass into usable energy. The present review article analyzes the essential aspects of biomass‐based energy production, starting with an assessment of existing energy needs and the crucial contribution that biomass can make in fulfilling these demands. The research investigates recent advancements in several biomass gasification methods, explaining their mechanics and discussing the related difficulties. The research conducts a thorough evaluation of the efficiency, yield, and environmental consequences of biomass gasification, aiming to determine the feasibility of the technique. In addition, the study rigorously assesses the techno‐economic factors of energy generation from biomass, providing valuable information on the economic viability and scalability of various biomass gasification techniques. The present study is focused on providing a comprehensive understanding of biomass gasification by analyzing current improvements and conducting a techno‐economic comparison to make well‐informed decisions for a sustainable energy future. 

State‐of‐the‐Art Review of Biomass Gasification: Raw to Energy Generation

This work focuses on the preparation of inexpensive composite materials based on activated carbon-containing metallic nanoparticles MNPs (M = Cu, Ag, Fe). The metal nanoparticles supported on the activated carbon were prepared by ultrasound followed by chemical treatment using a reducing agent NaBH4. The obtained materials were characterized by XRD, XRF, FTIR, XPS, TGA, SEM, and TEM analysis. The different samples were tested as catalysts for the catalytic reduction of organic pollutants (MB, MO, 4-NP) in a simple and binary system in the presence of NaBH4. The results confirmed that the content of metal nanoparticles was in the following sequence 2.12%, 11.15%, and 12.13% for the materials AC-Ag, AC-Cu, and AC-Fe, respectively. According to TEM analysis, the size and dispersion of nanoparticles differ from one catalyst to another, hence the AC-Cu material exhibited good dispersion of CuNPs having ultrafine particles in the range of 4–14 nm. In order to optimize the best conditions for the reduction reaction, the effect of the nature of the catalyst, the initial concentration of NaBH4, the concentration of the pollutant, the mass of the catalyst and the nature of the pollutant were studied, and discussed. In terms of efficiency, the AC-Cu sample was the most efficient catalyst compared to AC-Fe, and AC-Ag, mainly due to the good dispersion of CuNPs on the surface of activated carbon. The recorded rate constant for the MB, MO, and 4-NP in the single system using the same operating conditions was 0.0259 s−1, 0.0218 s−1, and 0.0074 s−1, respectively. In the binary system containing MB + MO or MB + 4-NP, the AC-Cu catalyst was more selective towards the MB dye in both systems. The reuse of the AC-Cu catalyst towards the reduction of the MB dye showed good performance during five consecutive cycles without losing its efficiency. 

Preparation of activated carbon-metal nanoparticle composite materials for the catalytic reduction of organic pollutants

In the current study, an attempt was made to synthesize coffee husk (CH) activated carbon by chemical modification approach (sulphuric acid-activated CH (SACH) activated carbon) and was used as a valuable and economical sorbent for plausible remediation of Methylene blue (MB) dye. Batch mode trials were carried out by carefully varying the batch experimental variables: SACH activated carbon (SACH AC) dosage, pH, initial dye concentration, temperature, and contact time. The optimum equilibrium time for adsorption by SACH activated carbon was obtained as 60 min, and the maximum adsorption took place at 30 °C. Morphological and elemental composition, crystallinity behaviour, functional groups, and thermal stability were examined using SEM with EDX, XRD, FTIR, BET, TGA, and DTA and these tests showed successful production of activated carbon. The outcomes showed that chemical activation enhanced the number of pores and roughness which possibly maximized the adsorptive potential of coffee husk. The Box-Benken design (BBD) was used to optimize the MB dye adsorption studies and 99.48% MB dye removed at SACH AC dosage of 4.83 g/L at 30 °C for 60 min and pH 8.12, and the maximum adsorption was yielded for sulphuric acid-activated coffee husk carbon carbon with 88.1 mg/g maximum MB adsorption capacity. Langmuir- Freundlich model deliberately provided a better fit to the equilibrium data. The SACH AC-MB dye system kinetics showed a high goodness-of-fit with pseudo second order model, compared to other studied models. Change in Gibbs's free energy (ΔGo) of the system indicated spontaneity whereas low entropy value (ΔSo) suggested that the removal of MB dye on the SACH activated carbon was an enthalpy-driven process. The exothermic nature of the sorption cycle was affirmed by the negative enthalpy value (ΔHo). The adsorptive-desorptive studies reveal that SACH AC could be restored with the maximum adsorption efficiency being conserved after the fifth cycles. Overall, the outcomes revealed that sulphuric acid-activated coffee husk activated carbon (SACH AC) can be used as prompt alternative for low-cost sorbent for treating dye-laden synthetic wastewaters. 

Deep insights into kinetics, optimization and thermodynamic estimates of methylene blue adsorption from aqueous solution onto coffee husk (Coffee arabica) activated carbon.

Toward developing a reconcile solution for leaching of catalyst in biodiesel production by Harnessing prediction model and machine learning

Retraction notice to "Deep insights into kinetics, optimization and thermodynamic estimates of methylene blue adsorption from aqueous solution onto coffee husk (Coffee arabica) activated carbon" [Environ. Res. 236-P2 (2023) 116735].

The exploitation of petroleum derivatives to meet the energy demands of the cutting edge is thought of as impractical because of asset shortage. The current necessitates that the world community improves future energy sources by developing sustainable, ecofriendly alternatives. In this work, biodiesel is produced through the transesterification of Catharanthus roseus seed oil with a barium-doped CaO heterogeneous nanocatalyst. The catalyst characterization is assessed using FTIR, GC-FID, EDAX, XRD, and SEM. The optimum conditions of time (70 min), temperature (58 °C), the molar ratio of methanol: oil is 15:1, and catalyst load (4% w/w) resulted in a conversion of the maximum biodiesel yield of 91.83%. Finally, by using Catharanthus roseus as a feedstock, the low optimal reaction conditions contribute to the development of the economic impact of biodiesel synthesis. Biodiesel blend (B20) containing barium-doped CaO nanoparticles showed better combustion engine performance and lower emissions than fossil fuels. 

Synthesis and characterization of barium doped CaO heterogeneous nanocatalyst for the production of biodiesel from Catharanthus roseus seeds: Kinetics, optimization and performance evaluation.

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Deep insights into kinetics, optimization and thermodynamic estimates of methylene blue adsorption from aqueous solution onto coffee husk (Coffee arabica) activated carbon.

Toward developing a reconcile solution for leaching of catalyst in biodiesel production by Harnessing prediction model and machine learning

Retraction notice to "Deep insights into kinetics, optimization and thermodynamic estimates of methylene blue adsorption from aqueous solution onto coffee husk (Coffee arabica) activated carbon" [Environ. Res. 236-P2 (2023) 116735].

Synthesis and characterization of barium doped CaO heterogeneous nanocatalyst for the production of biodiesel from Catharanthus roseus seeds: Kinetics, optimization and performance evaluation.