Many traditional approaches for strengthening steels typically come at the expense of useful ductility, a dilemma known as strength-ductility trade-off. New metallurgical processing might offer the possibility of overcoming this. Here we report that austenitic 316L stainless steels additively manufactured via a laser powder-bed-fusion technique exhibit a combination of yield strength and tensile ductility that surpasses that of conventional 316L steels. High strength is attributed to solidification-enabled cellular structures, low-angle grain boundaries, and dislocations formed during manufacturing, while high uniform elongation correlates to a steady and progressive work-hardening mechanism regulated by a hierarchically heterogeneous microstructure, with length scales spanning nearly six orders of magnitude. In addition, solute segregation along cellular walls and low-angle grain boundaries can enhance dislocation pinning and promote twinning. This work demonstrates the potential of additive manufacturing to create alloys with unique microstructures and high performance for structural applications.

https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1443&context=ameslab_manuscripts

Additively manufactured hierarchical stainless steels with high strength and ductility

Here we present a perspective on heterogeneous materials, a new class of materials possessing superior combinations of strength and ductility that are not accessible to their homogeneous counterpar...

https://tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/21663831.2017.1343208

Heterogeneous materials: a new class of materials with unprecedented mechanical properties

Forming alloys with impurity elements is a routine method for modifying the properties of metals. An alternative approach involves the incorporation of interfaces into the crystalline lattice to enhance the metal's properties without changing its chemical composition. The introduction of high-density interfaces in nanostructured materials results in greatly improved strength and hardness; however, interfaces at the nanoscale show low stability. In this Review, I discuss recent developments in the stabilization of nanostructured metals by modifying the architectures of their interfaces. The amount, structure and distribution of several types of interfaces, such as high- and low-angle grain boundaries and twin boundaries, are discussed. I survey several examples of materials with nanotwinned and nanolaminated structures, as well as with gradient nanostructures, describing the techniques used to produce such samples and tracing their exceptional performances back to the nanoscale architectures of their interfaces. The incorporation of structural defects, in particular of interfaces, into crystalline lattices results in enhanced material properties. In this Review, different types of boundaries and interfaces are discussed, including high- and low-angle grain boundaries, twin boundaries, nanotwinned and nanolaminated structures, and gradient nanostructures.

Stabilizing nanostructures in metals using grain and twin boundary architectures

Radiation damage in nanostructured materials

Dynamic shear deformation of a CrCoNi medium-entropy alloy with heterogeneous grain structures

Work hardening of polycrystalline Cu with nanoscale twins

Strengthening austenitic steels by using nanotwinned austenitic grains

Correlation between wear resistance and subsurface recrystallization structure in copper

Comparisons of dry sliding tribological behaviors between coarse-grained and nanocrystalline copper

https://backend.orbit.dtu.dk/ws/files/107222114/Microstructural_characterization_of_nickel_preprint.pdf

Microstructural characterization of nickel subjected to dynamic plastic deformation

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