In lithium-sulfur batteries, small S2–4 molecules show very different electrochemical responses from the traditional S8 material. Their exact lithiation/delitiation mechanism is not clear and how to select proper electrolytes for the S2–4 cathodes is also ambiguous. Here, S2–4 and S8/S2–4 composites with highly ordered microporous carbon as a confining matrix are fabricated and the electrode mechanism of the S2–4 cathode is investigated by comparing the electrochemical performances of the S2–4 and S2–4/S8 electrodes in various electrolytes combined with theoretical calculation. Experimental results show that the electrolyte and microstructure of carbon matrix play important roles in the electrochemical performance. If the micropores of carbon are small enough to prevent the penetration of the solvent molecules, the lithiation/delithiation for S2–4 occurs as a solid-solid process. The irreversible chemically reactions between the polysulfudes and carbonates, and the dissolution of the polysulfides into the ethers can be effectively avoided due to the steric hindrance. The confined S2–4 show high adaptability to the electrolytes. The sulfur cathode based on this strategy exhibits excellent rate capability and cycling stability.

Insight Into the Electrode Mechanism in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries With Ordered Microporous Carbon Confined Sulfur As Cathode

Nanostructured magnesium nickel oxide (Mg₀.₆Ni₀.₄O) was synthesized by a self-propagating high temperature synthesis method followed by heat treatment. The particles of the resulting oxide were used as additives to prepare the sulfur/polyacrylonitrile/Mg₀.₆Ni₀.₄O (S/PAN/Mg₀.₆Ni₀.₄O) composite via wet ballmilling. The SEM observation revealed that the composite morphology was drastically changed by the addition of Mg₀.₆Ni₀.₄O, from smooth bulky particles of S/PAN to rough nanostructured agglomerates with two times the increase in the specific surface area, favouring the reactivity of the composite, and a homogeneous component distribution. Cyclic voltammetry, discharge–charge tests and ac impedance spectroscopy have shown improved conductivity and electrochemical properties of the composite by the addition of Mg₀.₆Ni₀.₄O, leading to high sulfur utilization and interfacial stabilization in a Li/S cell upon discharge–charge cycling. The cell demonstrated enhanced reversibility, resulting in a discharge capacity of about 1223 mA h g⁻¹ at the second cycle and retained about 100% of this value over 100 cycles. Furthermore, the S/PAN/Mg₀.₆Ni₀.₄O composite cathode exhibited a good rate capability with discharge capacities of 887, 710 and 445 mA h g⁻¹ at 0.5, 0.7 and 1 C, respectively.

Ternary sulfur/polyacrylonitrile/Mg₀.₆Ni₀.₄O composite cathodes for high performance lithium/sulfur batteries

Recent Advances on Graphene: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications

Application of different carbon-based transition metal oxide composite materials in lithium-ion batteries

Emerging topics in energy storage based on a large-scale analysis of academic articles and patents

Effect of silicon dioxide in sulfur/carbon black composite as a cathode material for lithium sulfur batteries

Sulfur/PAN/acetylene black composite prepared by a solution processing technique for lithium–sulfur batteries

A sulfur-Polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-acetylene black (AB) composite was synthesized via thermal treatment processes. The as-prepared ternary composite was characterized by expending transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and electrochemical investigations. The improved electrochemical performance can be attributed to the formation of PAN layer, which can keep a tight contact between carbon and sulfur which leads to improve the conductivity. Moreover, the PAN can also act as a flexible cushion to accommodate volume changes of sulfur cathode as well as a barrier to trap soluble polysulfide intermediates during the charge-discharge process. The PAN-S-AB composite exhibits discharge capacity of 620 mAh/g even after 50 cycles with appreciable sustainability. Therefore, the resulting PAN/S/AB composite exhibited as a desirable cathode material for Li-S battery with great performance.

Carbon Wrapping Effect on Sulfur/Polyacrylonitrile Composite Cathode Materials for Lithium Sulfur Batteries.

Lithium–sulfur batteries have achieved a vast development in electric vehicles, laptops and portable devices. Sulfur has theoretical specific capacity of 1675 mAh g−1 and high theoretical energy density of 2600 Wh kg−1. The sulfur-based cathode material has been prepared by solid-state reaction method. The composites were characterized by XRD, SEM, RAMAN and electrochemical measurements. The as-prepared cathode material exhibits an initial capacity of 1285 mAh g−1 at a scan rate of 0.1 C. The metal oxide MnO2 suppresses the polysulfide shuttle and maintains the capacity of the electrode. The porous nature of polymer matrix could confine the sulfur in the pores to prevent the active material loss.

Sway of MnO 2 with poly(acrylonitrile) in the sulfur-based electrode for lithium–sulfur batteries

Herein, sulfur-/nitrogen-doped graphene (SNG) binary composite has been prepared by melt diffusion method and employed as cathode material for lithium-sulfur (Li-S) battery. The physical and electrochemical performances of prepared SNG binary composite were characterized using x-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge–discharge test.
The SNG cathode delivers a high initial discharge capacity of 1135 mAh g−1, and it sustains the capacity of 687 mAh g−1 over the 50th cycle at 0.1C rate. The good electrochemical performance of SNG cathode is accredited to N-doping in graphene, which provides faster charge transfer pathway and suppresses the shuttle effect of polysulfides. The present study determines that the prepared SNG composite is a suitable material for cathode in Li-S battery application.

N-Doped Graphene Sheet Encapsulated Sulfur Binary Composite as Cathode for Lithium-Sulfur Battery Applications

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