Quantitative studies of the structure of proteins in solution by fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy

Analysis of essential oils by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry

Infrared (IR) and Raman spectroscopy are emerging biophotonic tools to recognize various diseases. The current review gives an overview of the experimental techniques, data-classification algorithms and applications to assess soft tissues, hard tissues and body fluids. The methodology section presents the principles to combine vibrational spectroscopy with microscopy, lateral information and fiber-optic probes. A crucial step is the classification of spectral data by a variety of algorithms. We discuss unsupervised algorithms such as cluster analysis or principal component analysis and supervised algorithms such as linear discriminant analysis, soft independent modeling of class analogies, artificial neural networks support vector machines, Bayesian classification, partial least-squares regression and ensemble methods. The selected topics include tumors of epithelial tissue, brain tumors, prion diseases, bone diseases, atherosclerosis, kidney stones and gallstones, skin tumors, diabetes and osteoarthritis.

Disease recognition by infrared and Raman spectroscopy.

Comparison of transmission FTIR, ATR, and DRIFT spectra: implications for assessment of bone bioapatite diagenesis

Biochemical analysis and mapping of atherosclerotic human artery using FT-IR microspectroscopy

Practical Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy: Industrial and Laboratory Chemical Analysis

Micro-FT-IR spectroscopy is a versatile technique that enables the user to obtain high-quality spectra on small samples This technique is employed to probe the subcellular chemical composition of atherosclerotic arterial walls and create three-dimensional images representing changes in the composition Two different rabbit model systems that produced atherosclerosis, either due to genetic disorder or due to physical injury, are studied The FT-IR spectra are collected from a 20- × 20-μm area of 5-μm-thick arterial section, which is smaller than a single cell The presence of cholesterol esters and other ester-containing compounds is identified from the -O-C=O stretching (1735 cm−1) absorption, and the cis unsaturation in the acyl chains of these compounds is represented by C=C-H stretching (3005 cm−1) absorption The protein content is indicated by the intensities of the amide I (1650 cm−1) band The data clearly show the changes occurring in the chemical composition of an arterial wall, varying with the physiological and morphological changes within the artery and the arteries from different animal models The power of this technique is demonstrated by excellent correlation with the hot stage polarizing microscopy technique, used to characterize the arterial lipids in situ The three-dimensional images of the arterial walls, indicating the concentration of different chemical constituents, are very useful in understanding the mechanism of atherosclerosis development

Infrared Micro-Imaging of Atherosclerotic Arteries:

FT-Raman spectrometry has advanced significantly through the combination of CW Nd: YAG lasers, high sensitivity near-infrared detectors, and state-of-the-art filter technology. Obtaining fluorescence-free spectra through nearinfrared excitation has now become practical. Raman spectrometry provides data which is complementary in nature to infrared spectra and often helps provide unambiguous structural determination. Sample preparation, if necessary, is often easier than for the mid-infrared analysis. Sample categories for which Raman spectrometry can provide significant data include: aqueous soultions, catalysts [9], thin films, minerals and inorganics [10], and biological [9, 11] compounds, Typical scan times are 1 min or less. FT-Raman has truly become a powerful, general purpose analytical tool.

Fourier transform Raman spectrometry

The infrared microsampling technique has been successfully applied to a variety of biological systems. A microtomed tissue section may be prepared to permit both visual and infrared discrimination. Infrared structural information may be obtained for a single cell, and computer-enhanced images of tissue specimens may be calculated from spectral map data sets. An analysis of a tissue section anomaly may gg suest eitherprotein compositional differences or a localized concentration of foreign matterp. Opaque biological materials such as teeth, gallstones, and kidney stones may be analyzed by microreflectance spectroscop. Absorption anomalies due to specular dispersion are corrected with the Kraymers-Kronig transformation. Corrected microreflectance spectra may contribute to compositional analysis and correlate diseased-related spectral differences to visual specimen anomalies.

Infrared Microtransmission And Microreflectance Of Biological Systems

Perfumes, natural or synthetic, are complex mixtures consisting of numerous components. Gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques have been extensively utilized for the analysis of perfumes and essential oils. A limited number of perfume samples have also been analyzed by FT-IR gas chromatographic (GC-FTIR) techniques. Most of the latter studies have been performed using the conventional light pipe (LP) based GC-FTIR systems. In recent years, cold-trapping (in a matrix or neat) GC-FTIR systems have become available. The cold-trapping systems are capable of sub-nanogram sensitivities. In this paper, comparison data between the LP and the neat cold-trapping GC- FTIR systems is presented. The neat cold-trapping interface is known as Tracer. The results of GC-FTIR analysis of some commercial perfumes is also presented. For comparison of LP and Tracer GC-FTIR systems, a reference (synthetic) mixture containing 16 major and numerous minor constituents was used. The components of the mixture are the compounds commonly encountered in commercial perfumes. The GC-FTIR spectra of the reference mixture was obtained under identical chromatographic conditions from an LP and a Tracer system. A comparison of the two sets of data thus generated do indeed show the enhanced sensitivity level of the Tracer system. The comparison also shows that some of the major components detected by the Tracer system were absent from the LP data. Closer examination reveals that these compounds undergo thermal decomposition on contact with the hot gold surface that is part of the LP system. GC-FTIR data were obtained for three commercial perfume samples. The major components of these samples could easily be identified by spectra search against a digitized spectral library created using the Tracer data from the reference mixture.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

FTIR gas chromatographic analysis of perfumes

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