This paper presents a review of the experimental achievements related to the development of high-power gyrotron oscillators for long-pulse or CW operation and pulsed gyrotrons for many applications. In addition, this work gives a short overview on the present development status of frequency step-tunable and multi-frequency gyrotrons, coaxial-cavity multi-megawatt gyrotrons, gyrotrons for technological and spectroscopy applications, relativistic gyrotrons, large orbit gyrotrons (LOGs), quasi-optical gyrotrons, fast- and slow-wave cyclotron autoresonance masers (CARMs), gyroklystrons, gyro-TWT amplifiers, gyrotwystron amplifiers, gyro-BWOs, gyro-harmonic converters, gyro-peniotrons, magnicons, free electron masers (FEMs), and dielectric vacuum windows for such high-power mm-wave sources. Gyrotron oscillators (gyromonotrons) are mainly used as high-power millimeter wave sources for electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH), electron cyclotron current drive (ECCD), stability control, and diagnostics of magnetically confined plasmas for clean generation of energy by controlled thermonuclear fusion. The maximum pulse length of commercially available 140 GHz, megawatt-class gyrotrons employing synthetic diamond output windows is 30 min (CPI and European KIT-SPC-THALES collaboration). The world record parameters of the European tube are as follows: 0.92 MW output power at 30-min pulse duration, 97.5% Gaussian mode purity, and 44% efficiency, employing a single-stage depressed collector (SDC) for energy recovery. A maximum output power of 1.5 MW in 4.0-s pulses at 45% efficiency was generated with the QST-TOSHIBA (now CANON) 110-GHz gyrotron. The Japan 170-GHz ITER gyrotron achieved 1 MW, 800 s at 55% efficiency and holds the energy world record of 2.88 GJ (0.8 MW, 60 min) and the efficiency record of 57% for tubes with an output power of more than 0.5 MW. The Russian 170-GHz ITER gyrotron obtained 0.99 (1.2) MW with a pulse duration of 1000 (100) s and 53% efficiency. The prototype tube of the European 2-MW, 170-GHz coaxial-cavity gyrotron achieved in short pulses the record power of 2.2 MW at 48% efficiency and 96% Gaussian mode purity. Gyrotrons with pulsed magnet for various short-pulse applications deliver Pout = 210 kW with τ = 20 μs at frequencies up to 670 GHz (η ≅ 20%), Pout = 5.3 kW at 1 THz (η = 6.1%), and Pout = 0.5 kW at 1.3 THz (η = 0.6%). Gyrotron oscillators have also been successfully used in materials processing. Such technological applications require tubes with the following parameters: f > 24 GHz, Pout = 4–50 kW, CW, η > 30%. The CW powers produced by gyroklystrons and FEMs are 10 kW (94 GHz) and 36 W (15 GHz), respectively. The IR FEL at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility in the USA obtained a record average power of 14.2 kW at a wavelength of 1.6 μm. The THz FEL (NOVEL) at the Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics in Russia achieved a maximum average power of 0.5 kW at wavelengths 50–240 μm (6.00–1.25 THz).

/pdf/state-of-the-art-of-high-power-gyro-devices-and-free-5avfirj4z9.pdf

State-of-the-Art of High-Power Gyro-Devices and Free Electron Masers

Gyrotron oscillators (gyromonotrons) are mainly used as high power millimeter wave sources for electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH), electron cyclotron current drive (ECCD), stability control and diagnostics of magnetically confined plasmas for generation of energy by controlled thermonuclear fusion. The maximum pulse length of commercially available 140 GHz, megawatt-class gyrotrons employing synthetic diamond output windows is 30 minutes (CPI and European FZK-CRPP-CEA-TED collaboration). The world record parameters of the European 140 GHz gyrotron are: 0.92 MW output power at 30 min. pulse duration, 97.5% Gaussian mode purity and 43% efficiency, employing a single-stage depressed collector for energy recovery. This results in an energy content of 1.66 GJ! A maximum output power of 1.2 MW in 4.1 s pulses was generated with the JAERI-TOSHIBA 110 GHz gyrotron. The Russian and the Japan 170 GHz ITER gyrotrons achieved 0.5 MW with pulse durations of 80 s and 500 s, respectively. Diagnostic gyrotrons deliver Pout = 40 kW with T = 40 ps at frequencies up to 650 GHz (η > 4%). Gyrotron oscillators have also been successfully used in materials processing. Such technological applications require gyrotrons with the following parameters: f ≥ 24 GHz, Pout = 4-50 kW, CW, η ≥ 30%. This paper gives an update of the experimental achievements related to the development of high power gyrotron oscillators for long pulse or CW operation and pulsed gyrotrons for plasma diagnostics. In addition, this work gives a short overview of the present development status of coaxial-cavity gyrotrons, gyrotrons for technological applications, relativistic gyrotrons, quasi-optical gyrotrons, fast- and slow-wave cyclotron autoresonance masers (CARMs), gyroklystrons, gyro-TWT amplifiers, gyrotwystron amplifiers, gyro-BWO's, gyropeniotrons, magnicons, gyroharmonic converters, free electron masers (FEMs) and of vacuum windows for such high-power mm-wave sources. The highest CW powers produced by gyroklystrons and FEMs are, respectively, 10 kW (94 GHz) and 36 W (15 GHz). The IR FEL at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility obtained a record average power of 10 kW in the wavelength range 1-14 μm.

/pdf/state-of-the-art-of-high-power-gyro-devices-and-free-1hjvu6fax8.pdf

State-of-the-art of high power gyro-devices and free electron masers. Update 2005

STATUS DER ENTWICKLUNG VON HOCHLEISTUNGS-GYRO-ROHREN UND FREI-ELEKTRONEN-MASERN - STAND: ENDE 2007
Gyrotronoszillatoren (Gyromonotrons) werden vorwiegend als Hochleistungsmillimeterwellenquellen fur Elektron-Zyklotron-Resonanzheizung (ECRH), Elektron-Zyklotron-Stromtrieb (ECCD), Stabilitatskontrolle und Diagnostik von magnetisch eingeschlossenen Plasmen zur Erforschung der Energiegewinnung durch kontrollierte Kernfusion eingesetzt. Die maximale Pulslange von kommerziell erhaltlichen 140 GHz, 1 Megawatt Gyrotrons mit Austrittsfenstern aus kunstlichem Diamant ist 30 min. (CPI und Europaische FZK-CRPP-TED-CEA Zusammenarbeitsgemeinschaft). Die Weltrekordparameter des europaischen 140 GHz-Gyrotrons sind: 0,92 MW Ausgangsleistung bei 30 min. Pulslange, 97,5% Gaussche Modenreinheit und 44% Wirkungsgrad mittels eines Kollektors mit einstufiger Gegenspannung zur Energieruckgewinnung. Eine maximale Ausgangsleistung von 1,2 MW bei 4,1 s Pulslange wurden mit dem JAEA-TOSHIBA 110 GHz Gyrotron erzeugt. Das japanische 170 GHz ITER-Gyrotron halt den Energieweltrekord mit 2,16 GJ (0,6 MW, 60 min.) und den Wirkungsgradrekord mit 55% bei 1 MW, 800 s fur Rohren mit einer Ausgangsleistung hoher als 0,5 MW. Das russische 170 GHz ITER-Gyrotron erreichte 0,64 MW bei nahezu 300 s Pulslange. Russische Gyrotrons zur Plasmadiagnostik oder fur spektroskopische Anwendungen arbeiten bei Frequenzen bis zu 650 GHz bei Pout = 40 kW und τ = 40 μs (η > 4%) und mit Pout = 1,5 kW bei 1 THz (η = 2,2%). Gyrotronoszillatoren finden jedoch auch in der Materialprozestechnik erfolgreich Verwendung. Dabei werden Rohren mit folgenden Parametern eingesetzt: f > 24 GHz, Pout = 4-50 kW, CW, η > 30%. In diesem Beitrag wird auf den aktuellen experimentellen Stand bei der Entwicklung von Hochleistungs-Gyrotronoszillatoren fur Langpuls- und Dauerstrichbetrieb sowie von gepulsten Gyrotrons zur Plasmadiagnostik eingegangen. Auserdem wird auch kurz uber den neuesten Stand der Entwicklung von Multimegawatt-Gyrotrons mit koaxialem Resonator, Gyrotrons fur technologische und spektroskopische Anwendungen, relativistischen Gyrotrons, quasi-optischen Gyrotrons, Zyklotron-Autoresonanz-Masern (CARMs) mit schneller oder langsamer Welle, Gyroklystrons, Gyro-TWT-Verstarkern, Gyrotwystron-Verstarkern, Gyro-Ruckwartswellenoszillatoren (BWOs), Gyro-Peniotrons, Magnicon-Verstarkern, Gyro-Harmonische-Konvertoren, Frei-Elektronen-Masern (FEM) und von Vakuumfenstern fur solche Hochleistungsmillimeterwellenquellen berichtet. Die hochsten von Gyroklystrons und FEMs erzeugten CW-Leistungen sind 10 kW (94 GHz) bzw. 36 W (15 GHz). Der IR FEL der Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility erreichte eine Rekord-Durchschnitts-Leistung von 10 kW im Wellenlangenbereich 1-14 μm.

/pdf/state-of-the-art-of-high-power-gyro-devices-and-free-f8u6ju86a1.pdf

State-of-the-Art of High Power Gyro-Devices and Free Electron Masers Update 2007

Gyrotron oscillators (gyromonotrons) are mainly used as high power millimeter wave sources for electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH), electron cyclotron current drive (ECCD), stability control and diagnostics of magnetically confined plasmas for generation of energy by controlled thermonuclear fusion. The maximum pulse length of commercially available 140 GHz, megawatt-class gyrotrons employing synthetic diamond output windows is 30 minutes (CPI and European FZK-CRPP-CEA-TED collaboration). The world record parameters of the European 140 GHz gyrotron are: 0.92 MW output power at 30 min. pulse duration, 97.5% Gaussian mode purity and 43% efficiency, employing a single-stage depressed collector for energy recovery. A maximum output power of 1.2 MW in 4.1 s pulses was generated with the JAEA-TOSHIBA 110 GHz gyrotron. The Japan 170 GHz ITER gyrotron holds the energy world record of 2.16 GJ (0.6 MW, 60 min.) for tubes with an output power of more than 0.5 MW. The Russian 170 GHz ITER gyrotron achieved 0.5 MW with a pulse duration of 300 s. Diagnostic gyrotrons deliver Pout = 40 kW with T = 40 [is at frequencies up to 650 GHz (η ≥ 4%). Gyrotron oscillators have also been successfully used in materials processing. Such technological applications require gyrotrons with the following parameters: f ≥ 24 GHz, Pout = 4-50 kW, CW, η ≥ 30%. This paper gives an update of the experimental achievements related to the development of high power gyrotron oscillators for long pulse or CW operation and pulsed gyrotrons for plasma diagnostics. In addition, this work gives a short overview of the present development status of coaxial-cavity multi-megawatt gyrotrons, gyrotrons for technological and spectroscopy applications, relativistic gyrotrons, quasi-optical gyrotrons, fast- and slow-wave cyclotron autoresonance masers (CARMs), gyroklystrons, gyro-TWT amplifiers, gyrotwystron amplifiers, gyro-BWO's, gyropeniotrons, magnicons, gyroharmonic converters, free electron masers (FEMs) and of vacuum windows for such high-power mm-wave sources. The highest CW powers produced by gyroklystrons and FEMs are, respectively, 10 kW (94 GHz) and 36 W (15 GHz). The IR FEL at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility obtained a record average power of 10 kW in the wavelength range 1-14 μm.

/pdf/state-of-the-art-of-high-power-gyro-devices-and-free-343s08nl40.pdf

State-of-the-art of high power gyro-devices and free electron masers. Update 2006

An over-moded evacuated waveguide line was chosen for use in the transmission system for the proposed JET enhanced performance project (JET-EP) electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) system. A comparison between the quasi-optical, atmospheric waveguide and evacuated waveguide systems was performed for the project with a strong emphasis placed on the technical and financial aspects. The evacuated waveguide line was chosen as the optimal system in light of the above criteria. The system includes six lines of 63.5 mm waveguide for transmitting 6.0 MW(10 s) at 113.3 GHz from the gyrotrons to the launching antenna. The designed lines are on average 72 m in length and consist of nine mitre bends, for an estimated transmission efficiency of similar to90%. Each line is designed to include an evacuated switch leading to a calorimetric load, two do breaks, two gate valves, one pumpout tee, a power monitor mitre bend and a double-disc CVD window near the torus. The location of waveguide support is positioned to minimize the power converted to higher-order modes from waveguide sagging and misalignment. The two gate valves and CVD window are designed to be used as tritium barriers at the tot-us and between the J1T and J1D buildings. The last leg of the waveguide leading to the torus has to be designed to accommodate the torus movement during disruptions and thermal cycles. All lines are also designed to be compatible with the ITER ECRH system operating at 170 GHz.

/pdf/an-iter-relevant-evacuated-waveguide-transmission-system-for-3laq6ga1x1.pdf

An ITER-relevant evacuated waveguide transmission system for the JET-EP ECRH project

B. Piosczyk, A. Arnold, E. Borie, G. Dammertz, O. Dumbrajs, R. Heidinger, S. Illy, J. Jin, K. Koppenburg, G. Michel, T. Rzesnicki, M. Thumm, X. Yang Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Association EURATOM-FZK, IHM, Postfach 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany, University Karlsruhe, Institute of High-Frequency Techniques and Electronics, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany Helsinki University of Technology, Association EURATOM-TEKES, FIN-02150 Espoo, Finland. Max-Planck-Institute for Plasma Physics, Ass. EURATOM-IPP, D-17491 Greifswald, Germany

https://www.ec13.iapras.ru/papers/Piosczyk.pdf

Development of Advanced High Power Gyrotrons for EC H&CD Applications in Fusion Plasmas

A prototype of a 1 MW, CW, 140 GHz conventional gyrotron for the W7-X stellarator in Greifswald/Germany has been tested successfully and the fabrication of series tubes started. In extended studies the feasibility for manufacturing a continuously operated high power coaxial cavity gyrotron has been demonstrated and all needed data for an industrial design has been obtained. Based on this results the fabrication of a first prototype of a 2 MW, CW, 170 GHz coaxial cavity gyrotron started recently in cooperation between European research institutions and European tube industry. The prototype tube is foreseen to be tested in 2006 at CRPP Lausanne where a suitable test facility is under construction.

Development of steady-state 2 MW, 170 GHz gyrotrons for ITER

Experimental results of the 140 GHz, 1 MW longpurse gyrotron for W7-X

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Development of Advanced High Power Gyrotrons for EC H&CD Applications in Fusion Plasmas

Development of steady-state 2 MW, 170 GHz gyrotrons for ITER

Experimental results of the 140 GHz, 1 MW longpurse gyrotron for W7-X