Effects of dietary calcium, phosphorus and calcium / phosphorus ratio on the growth and tissue mineralization of Litopenaeus vannamei reared in low-salinity water

The cuticules (shells) of the woodlice Porcellio scaber and Armadillidium vulgare were analysed with respect to their content of inorganic material. It was found that the cuticles consist of crystalline magnesium calcite, amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC), and amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP), besides small amounts of water and an organic matrix. It is concluded that the cuticle, which constitutes a mineralized protective organ, is chemically adapted to the biological requirements by this combination of different materials.

The mineral phase in the cuticles of two species of Crustacea consists of magnesium calcite, amorphous calcium carbonate, and amorphous calcium phosphate.

Crustaceans serve as an ideal model for the study of calcium homeostasis due to their natural molting cycle. Demineralization and remineralization of the calcified cuticle is accompanied by bidirectional Ca transfer across the primary Ca transporting epithelia: gills, antennal gland (kidney), digestive system, and cuticular hypodermis. The review will demonstrate how a continuum of crustaceans can be used as a paradigm for the evolution of Ca transport mechanisms. Generally speaking, aquatic crustaceans rely primarily on branchial Ca uptake and accordingly are affected by water Ca content; terrestrial crustaceans rely on intake of dietary Ca across the digestive epithelium. Synchrony of mineralization at the cuticle vs. storage sites will be presented Physiological and behavioral adaptations have evolved to optimize Ca balance during the molting cycle in different Ca environments. Intracellular Ca regulation reveals common mechanisms of apical and basolateral membrane transport as well as intracellular sequestration. Regulation of cell Ca concentration will be discussed in intermolt and during periods of the molting cycle when transepithelial Ca flux is significantly elevated. Molecular characterization of the sarco-/endoplasmic reticular Ca pump in aquatic species reveals the presence of two isoforms that originate from a single gene. This gene is differentially expressed during the molting cycle. Gene expression may be regulated by a suite of hormones including ecdysone, calcitonin, and vitamin D. Perspectives for future research are presented.

/pdf/calcium-homeostasis-in-crustacea-the-evolving-role-of-4meyxwwrmt.pdf

Calcium homeostasis in crustacea: the evolving role of branchial, renal, digestive and hypodermal epithelia.

The cuticles of four terrestrial and four marine isopods were analyzed. They consist of crystalline magnesian calcite, amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC), amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP), water and an organic matrix. Marine species have a higher concentration of magnesium within the cuticle in comparison to their terrestrial relatives. Flexible cuticles contain ACC in combination with a high concentration of organic material and a rather low concentration of magnesium calcite. Hard cuticles have a low percentage of organic material, and, in terrestrial species, a higher percentage of ACC. The results indicate that the mineral composition of the crustacean cuticle depends on its function and the habitat of the animal.

The composition of the mineralized cuticle in marine and terrestrial isopods: A comparative study

Expression and activity of glutathione S-transferases and catalase in the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei inoculated with a toxic Microcystis aeruginosa strain.

/pdf/fluctuations-in-ca-mg-and-p-levels-in-the-hemolymph-muscle-39hfj60ie0.pdf

Fluctuations in Ca, Mg and P levels in the hemolymph, muscle, midgut gland and exoskeleton during the moult cycle of the Indian white prawn, Penaeus indicus (Decapoda: Penaeidae).

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Fluctuations in Ca, Mg and P levels in the hemolymph, muscle, midgut gland and exoskeleton during the moult cycle of the Indian white prawn, Penaeus indicus (Decapoda: Penaeidae).