Sugarcane industries are age-old industrial practices in India which contribute a significant amount of by-products as waste. Handling and management of these by-products are huge task, because those require lot of space for storage. However, it provides opportunity to utilize these by-products in agricultural crop production as organic nutrient source. Therefore, it is attempted to review the potential of sugar industries by-products, their availability, and use in agricultural production. A large number of research experiments and literatures have been surveyed and critically analyzed for the effect of sugarcane by-products on crop productivity and soil properties. Application of sugar industries by-products, such as press mud and bagasse, to soil improves the soil chemical, physical, and biological properties and enhanced the crop quality and yield. A huge possibility of sugarcane industries by-products can be used in agriculture to cut down the chemical fertilizer requirement. If all the press mud is recycled through agriculture about 32,464, 28,077, 14,038, 3434, 393, 1030, and 240 tonnes (t) of N, P, K, Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu, respectively, can be available and that helps in saving of costly chemical fertilizers. Application of sugarcane industries by-products reduces the recommended dose of fertilizers and improves organic matter of soil during the crop production. It can also be used in combination with inorganic chemical fertilizers and can be packed and marketed along with commercial fertilizer for a particular cropping system. That helps in reduce the storage problem of sugarcane industries by-products across the India.

/pdf/use-of-sugarcane-industrial-by-products-for-improving-wjk4s34ztp.pdf

Use of sugarcane industrial by-products for improving sugarcane productivity and soil health

In the present time, chemical fertilizers are more in practice for crop production which affected the soil and environment quality. The higher amount of chemical inputs in agricultural production system affected the sustainability of the agricultural crop production systems, increased cost of cultivation, and caused partial factor productivity decline, and maintaining the global food security and environmental quality became a daunting challenge. Indiscriminate and imbalanced use of fertilizers, mostly urea, and the poor application of organic matter to cropland have led to considerable reduction in soil health. Nowadays our agriculture has shifted to old-age practice like conservation agriculture. It is using old tool and techniques with incorporation of modern science and scientific principles. In general, biofertilizer is organic in nature containing an effective particular microorganism in a concentrated form which originated either from the plant root nodule or from the soil of the rhizosphere. Biofertilizers have emerged as potential environment-friendly inputs that are benefited for agricultural crop production system. They hold vast prospective in fulfilling the plant nutrient requirements, which are reducing the chemical fertilizer application and minimizing environmental pollution. The bioinoculants are used as a seed treatment or soil treatment, improving plant nutrient availability and finally crop growth and yield. These contain living cells of diverse types of microorganisms and have the potential to solubilize and mobilize plant nutrient elements from insoluble form through biological process and also fix atmospheric nitrogen. The adequate use of biofertilizers helps in maintaining soil quality and thus provides a low-cost approach to manage crop yield along with protecting the environment.

Role of Biofertilizers in Conservation Agriculture

Sustainable crop production is the current focus of agricultural research across the globe. The increasing population with a higher pace creates food shortages and reduces the per capita availability of food grains, demanding food security. The soil enzymes are the mediators of organic matter decomposition and soil nutrient transformations. Their patterns of activity in relation to environmental factors and management practices help to design sustainable management practices. Enzymes are the indicator of soil biological quality, responding to soil management changes much before other soil quality indicator changes are detectable. In the dynamic climate change era, the influence of climate change on soil productivity can be assessed by monitoring soil enzyme activities as well as changes occurring in soil properties. Thus, knowledge of soil enzymes is essential to design and evaluate new sustainable crop management practices. The soil enzymes can also be exploited for many applications beyond agriculture.

Role of Soil Enzymes in Sustainable Crop Production

The availability of freshwater is limited for agriculture systems across the globe. A fast-growing population demands need to enhance the food grain production from a limited natural resources. Therefore, researchers and policymakers have been emphasized on the production potential of agricultural crops in a sustainable manner. On the challenging side, freshwater bodies are shrinking with the pace of time further limiting crop production. Poor-quality water may be a good alternative for fresh water in water scarce areas. It should not contain toxic pollutants beyond certain critical levels. Unfortunately, such critical limits for different pollutants as well as permissible quality parameters for different wastewater types are lacking or poorly addressed. Marginal quality water and industrial effluent used in crop production should be treated prior to application in crop field. Hence, safe reuse of wastewater for cultivation of food material is necessary to fulfil the demands of growing population across the globe in the changing scenario of climate. 

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10668-022-02365-9.pdf

Reuse of poor-quality water for sustainable crop production in the changing scenario of climate

Plant Growth–Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) Assisted Bioremediation of Heavy Metal Toxicity

Micronutrients play a vital role in crop production and sustainable crop yield. High crop yield varieties make soil micronutrients deficient, without incorporating external inputs. Due to deficiency of micronutrients such as iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn), yield decline drastically. It limits more than macronutrients, but requirements of these plant nutrients are very less, but plants have self regulated mechanism, which secrete the phytosiderophore (PS) and mobilize the lower concentration of these metals to soil solution for easy uptake by plants. Phytosiderophore production is a general response of plants to Fe and Zn deficiency in particular. The uptake rate of PS-chelated Fe and Zn is 100 and 5 to 10 times higher than that of free Fe and Zn, respectively. Higher amount of carbon containing organic compounds enhanced the microbial activities in rhizosphere and alter the plant nutrient chemistry in soil. This article discussed the importance of PS in microbial activity in soil and nutrient uptake mechanism in plants.

	 

	Key words: Iron, phytosiderophores, rhizospheric microbial activity, zinc.

Influence of phytosiderophore on iron and zinc uptake and rhizospheric microbial activity

A field experiment was conducted to see the effect of phosphorus (P) and iron (Fe) on protein content in grain and chlorophyll content in leaf of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Four levels of P with four levels of Fe were applied. Increasing P levels increased protein content in grain upto 23.99% in 40 kg P2O5 ha−1 over control (19.09%). But in chlorophyll content at par higher in 40 (2.50 mg g−1) and 60 kg P2O5 ha−1 (2.52 mg g−1) over control (2.30 mg g−1) and 20 kg P2O5ha−1 (2.38 mg g−1). Application of Fe also increased the protein content with increasing level from 0 to 7.5 kg Fe ha−1. It was lower (23.45%) in control and higher in highest level, which was at par with 5 kg Fe ha−1. In the chlorophyll content maximum increased in 7.5 kg Fe ha−1 over 0, 2.5 and 5 kg Fe ha−1. From the study application of 40 kg P2O5 ha−1 and 7.5 kg Fe ha−1 were found better application than the rest of the treatment.

Impact of phosphorus and iron on protein and chlorophyll content in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

Effect of phosphorus (P) and iron (Fe) on growth and yield attributes of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) was studied during rabi season of 2010-2011 with four levels of P (control, 20, 40 and 60 kg P2O5 ha-1) and Fe (control, 2.5, 5 and 7.5 kg Fe ha-1). Increasing P and Fe levels, increased the plant height, branch plant-1, pods plant-1, seed pod-1 and test weight; in 40 kg P2O5 ha-1 with 5 kg Fe ha-1 plot, significantly improved yield attributes compared to rest of the treatments. The effect of application of iron 5 and 7.5 kg Fe ha-1 was found at par on growth and, yield and yield attributes. Application of P and Fe fertilizer improved soil fertility status and crop yield, it can be a sustainable tool to enhanced chickpea production.

Effect of Phosphorus and Iron Levels on Growth and Yield Attributes of Chickpea (cicer Arietinum L.) under Agroclimatic Zone Iv a of Rajasthan, India

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Influence of phytosiderophore on iron and zinc uptake and rhizospheric microbial activity

Impact of phosphorus and iron on protein and chlorophyll content in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

Effect of Phosphorus and Iron Levels on Growth and Yield Attributes of Chickpea (cicer Arietinum L.) under Agroclimatic Zone Iv a of Rajasthan, India